Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones?
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) categorized in 2011 radiofrequency (RF) as a possible human carcinogen, Group 2B. During use of the handheld wireless phone, especially the smartphone, the thyroid gland is a target organ. During the 21st c...
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doaj-dc8f7a2dbb1746879fd3db284738b3542020-12-08T00:03:02ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1661-78271660-46012020-12-01179129912910.3390/ijerph17239129Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones?Michael Carlberg0Tarmo Koppel1Lena K. Hedendahl2Lennart Hardell3The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, Studievägen 35, SE 702 17 Örebro, SwedenSchool of Business and Governance, Tallinn University of Technology, SOC353 Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, EstoniaThe Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, Studievägen 35, SE 702 17 Örebro, SwedenThe Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, Studievägen 35, SE 702 17 Örebro, SwedenThe International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) categorized in 2011 radiofrequency (RF) as a possible human carcinogen, Group 2B. During use of the handheld wireless phone, especially the smartphone, the thyroid gland is a target organ. During the 21st century, the incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing in many countries. We used the Swedish Cancer Register to study trends from 1970 to 2017. During that time period, the incidence increased statistically significantly in women with average annual percentage change (AAPC) +2.13%, 95% confidence interval (CI) +1.43, +2.83%. The increase was especially pronounced during 2010–2017 with annual percentage change (APC) +9.65%, 95% CI +6.68, +12.71%. In men, AAPC increased during 1970–2017 with +1.49%, 95% CI +0.71, +2.28%. Highest increase was found for the time period 2001–2017 with APC +5.26%, 95% CI +4.05, +6.49%. Similar results were found for all Nordic countries based on NORDCAN 1970–2016 with APC +5.83%, 95% CI +4.56, +7.12 in women from 2006 to 2016 and APC + 5.48%, 95% CI +3.92, +7.06% in men from 2005 to 2016. According to the Swedish Cancer Register, the increasing incidence was similar for tumors ≤4 cm as for tumors >4 cm, indicating that the increase cannot be explained by overdiagnosis. These results are in agreement with recent results on increased thyroid cancer risk associated with the use of mobile phones. We postulate that RF radiation is a causative factor for the increasing thyroid cancer incidence.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/9129mobile phonecordless phonethyroid cancerSwedish Cancer RegisterNORDCANradiofrequency electromagnetic fields |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Michael Carlberg Tarmo Koppel Lena K. Hedendahl Lennart Hardell |
spellingShingle |
Michael Carlberg Tarmo Koppel Lena K. Hedendahl Lennart Hardell Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health mobile phone cordless phone thyroid cancer Swedish Cancer Register NORDCAN radiofrequency electromagnetic fields |
author_facet |
Michael Carlberg Tarmo Koppel Lena K. Hedendahl Lennart Hardell |
author_sort |
Michael Carlberg |
title |
Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones? |
title_short |
Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones? |
title_full |
Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones? |
title_fullStr |
Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones? |
title_full_unstemmed |
Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones? |
title_sort |
is the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the nordic countries caused by use of mobile phones? |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1661-7827 1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2020-12-01 |
description |
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) categorized in 2011 radiofrequency (RF) as a possible human carcinogen, Group 2B. During use of the handheld wireless phone, especially the smartphone, the thyroid gland is a target organ. During the 21st century, the incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing in many countries. We used the Swedish Cancer Register to study trends from 1970 to 2017. During that time period, the incidence increased statistically significantly in women with average annual percentage change (AAPC) +2.13%, 95% confidence interval (CI) +1.43, +2.83%. The increase was especially pronounced during 2010–2017 with annual percentage change (APC) +9.65%, 95% CI +6.68, +12.71%. In men, AAPC increased during 1970–2017 with +1.49%, 95% CI +0.71, +2.28%. Highest increase was found for the time period 2001–2017 with APC +5.26%, 95% CI +4.05, +6.49%. Similar results were found for all Nordic countries based on NORDCAN 1970–2016 with APC +5.83%, 95% CI +4.56, +7.12 in women from 2006 to 2016 and APC + 5.48%, 95% CI +3.92, +7.06% in men from 2005 to 2016. According to the Swedish Cancer Register, the increasing incidence was similar for tumors ≤4 cm as for tumors >4 cm, indicating that the increase cannot be explained by overdiagnosis. These results are in agreement with recent results on increased thyroid cancer risk associated with the use of mobile phones. We postulate that RF radiation is a causative factor for the increasing thyroid cancer incidence. |
topic |
mobile phone cordless phone thyroid cancer Swedish Cancer Register NORDCAN radiofrequency electromagnetic fields |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/9129 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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