Electronic bonds and ways to challenge their validity - a comparative study

• Main Author: Tymya al sraff
• Format: Article
• Language: Arabic
• Published: University of Mosul College of Law 2020-07-01
• Series: الرافدین للحقوق
• Subjects: electronic bond; appeal methods; electronic signature
• Online Access: https://alaw.mosuljournals.com/article_165777_2e6af0eecb7da1e897818c48d604dbc2.pdf

<strong>The Electronic bonds are editors that contain integrated, stored, sent or received data that archived electronically or by any other similar means that may be an email, telegram, telex or telecopy associated with an electrostatic signature authenticated by authorized or dependent authority. While the methods of appeal of its validity are denial non-knowledge and electronic fraud, of doctrine and law have different attitude toward this matter, although there are other trends that refer to the general rules of evidence and it should be noted that these rules are not applicable to e-bonds because of the different nature of such bonds, which is require to modified them or to include texts e- signature and e- transactions law with special provisions to accommodate these issues.</strong>