Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks
Smart buildings benefit from IEEE 802.15.4e time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) medium access for creating reliable and power aware wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). As in these networks, sensors are supposed to communicate to each other and with actuators, IPv6 multicast forwarding is...
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doaj-ddd6d804e68b4f13b60174e104e7b6442021-03-05T00:03:02ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-03-01211771177110.3390/s21051771Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor NetworksEden Teshome0Diana Deac1Steffen Thielemans2Matthias Carlier3Kris Steenhaut4An Braeken5Virgil Dobrota6Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Department of Engineering Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Department of Engineering Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Department of Engineering Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Department of Engineering Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Department of Engineering Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Department of Engineering Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumCommunications Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaSmart buildings benefit from IEEE 802.15.4e time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) medium access for creating reliable and power aware wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). As in these networks, sensors are supposed to communicate to each other and with actuators, IPv6 multicast forwarding is seen as a valuable means to reduce traffic. A promising approach to multicast, based on the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is Bidirectional Multicast RPL Forwarding (BMRF). This paper aimed to analyze the performance of BMRF over TSCH. The authors investigated how an adequate TSCH scheduler can help to achieve a requested quality of service (QoS). A theoretical model for the delay and energy consumption of BMRF over TSCH is presented. Next, BMRF’s link layer (LL) unicast and LL broadcast forwarding modes were analyzed on restricted and realistic topologies. On topologies with increased interference, BMRF’s LL broadcast on top of TSCH causes high energy consumption, mainly because of the amount of energy needed to run the schedule, but it significantly improves packet delivery ratio and delay compared to ContikiMAC under the same conditions. In most cases, the LL unicast was found to outperform the LL broadcast, but the latter can be beneficial to certain applications, especially those sensitive to delays.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1771IPv6 multicastwireless sensor and actuator networksbidirectional multicast RPL forwardingtime slotted channel hoppingOrchestraContikiMAC |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Eden Teshome Diana Deac Steffen Thielemans Matthias Carlier Kris Steenhaut An Braeken Virgil Dobrota |
spellingShingle |
Eden Teshome Diana Deac Steffen Thielemans Matthias Carlier Kris Steenhaut An Braeken Virgil Dobrota Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks Sensors IPv6 multicast wireless sensor and actuator networks bidirectional multicast RPL forwarding time slotted channel hopping Orchestra ContikiMAC |
author_facet |
Eden Teshome Diana Deac Steffen Thielemans Matthias Carlier Kris Steenhaut An Braeken Virgil Dobrota |
author_sort |
Eden Teshome |
title |
Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_short |
Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_full |
Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_fullStr |
Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_full_unstemmed |
Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks |
title_sort |
time slotted channel hopping and contikimac for ipv6 multicast-enabled wireless sensor networks |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Sensors |
issn |
1424-8220 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
Smart buildings benefit from IEEE 802.15.4e time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) medium access for creating reliable and power aware wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). As in these networks, sensors are supposed to communicate to each other and with actuators, IPv6 multicast forwarding is seen as a valuable means to reduce traffic. A promising approach to multicast, based on the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is Bidirectional Multicast RPL Forwarding (BMRF). This paper aimed to analyze the performance of BMRF over TSCH. The authors investigated how an adequate TSCH scheduler can help to achieve a requested quality of service (QoS). A theoretical model for the delay and energy consumption of BMRF over TSCH is presented. Next, BMRF’s link layer (LL) unicast and LL broadcast forwarding modes were analyzed on restricted and realistic topologies. On topologies with increased interference, BMRF’s LL broadcast on top of TSCH causes high energy consumption, mainly because of the amount of energy needed to run the schedule, but it significantly improves packet delivery ratio and delay compared to ContikiMAC under the same conditions. In most cases, the LL unicast was found to outperform the LL broadcast, but the latter can be beneficial to certain applications, especially those sensitive to delays. |
topic |
IPv6 multicast wireless sensor and actuator networks bidirectional multicast RPL forwarding time slotted channel hopping Orchestra ContikiMAC |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1771 |
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