Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion
Central Asia’s Ili River is fed by mountain streams that flow down into an isolated and arid basin that today is shared by Kazakhstan and China. Agriculture in the basin is dependent upon irrigation, which was practiced as long ago as the Iron Age, when early pastoralists constructed ditch...
Main Authors: | , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2018-11-01
|
Series: | Water |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/11/1650 |
id |
doaj-de225f56846a4f01aab6a059ce66448e |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-de225f56846a4f01aab6a059ce66448e2020-11-25T01:27:06ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412018-11-011011165010.3390/w10111650w10111650Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and DiversionSteven G. Pueppke0Qingling Zhang1Sabir T. Nurtazin2Center for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Michigan State University, 427 North Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48864, USASchool of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Panyu District, 510006 Gaungzhou, ChinaFaculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Avenue, 050040 Almaty, KazakhstanCentral Asia’s Ili River is fed by mountain streams that flow down into an isolated and arid basin that today is shared by Kazakhstan and China. Agriculture in the basin is dependent upon irrigation, which was practiced as long ago as the Iron Age, when early pastoralists constructed ditches to channel water from streams onto nearby fields. Irrigation had become much more common by the 18th century, when the region was controlled by the Dzungarian Khanate. The khanate was toppled by the Qing Chinese in the 1750s in the first of a series of confrontations that destroyed and then rebuilt the basin’s agricultural economy. The region has since been dominated by a succession of Chinese and Russian (and later Soviet and independent Kazakh) governments, each of which recognized the essential role of irrigated agriculture in maintaining control. Thus every cycle of destruction led to reclamation of new lands, resettlement of farmers and upgrading of infrastructure to expand irrigation. This allowed an impressive diversity of fruits, vegetables and field crops to be grown, especially on loess soils of the more fertile upper basin, where tributaries could be easily tapped by gravity flow. Many of these tributaries were entirely diverted by the 19th century, so that they no longer reached the Ili. Large scale irrigation commenced in the 1960s, when the Soviets built Kapchagai dam and reservoir in the lower part of the basin and installed pumps to raise water from the Ili River onto nearby reclaimed sierozem soils, mostly for cultivation of rice. China later constructed a cluster of small- and medium-sized dams that enabled expansion of agriculture in the upper part of the basin. Many irrigated areas along the lower reaches of the Ili in Kazakhstan have been abandoned, but irrigation in the upper basin continues to expand. Declining soil fertility, salinization, pollution, insufficient inflows and adverse economic conditions currently challenge irrigation across the entire basin. Investments are being made in new technologies as a means to sustain irrigated agriculture in the basin, but it remains to be seen if these strategies will be successful.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/11/1650Ili Riverirrigated agricultureloesssierozem soilstransboundary river basinssalinization |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Steven G. Pueppke Qingling Zhang Sabir T. Nurtazin |
spellingShingle |
Steven G. Pueppke Qingling Zhang Sabir T. Nurtazin Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion Water Ili River irrigated agriculture loess sierozem soils transboundary river basins salinization |
author_facet |
Steven G. Pueppke Qingling Zhang Sabir T. Nurtazin |
author_sort |
Steven G. Pueppke |
title |
Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion |
title_short |
Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion |
title_full |
Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion |
title_fullStr |
Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion |
title_full_unstemmed |
Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion |
title_sort |
irrigation in the ili river basin of central asia: from ditches to dams and diversion |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2018-11-01 |
description |
Central Asia’s Ili River is fed by mountain streams that flow down into an isolated and arid basin that today is shared by Kazakhstan and China. Agriculture in the basin is dependent upon irrigation, which was practiced as long ago as the Iron Age, when early pastoralists constructed ditches to channel water from streams onto nearby fields. Irrigation had become much more common by the 18th century, when the region was controlled by the Dzungarian Khanate. The khanate was toppled by the Qing Chinese in the 1750s in the first of a series of confrontations that destroyed and then rebuilt the basin’s agricultural economy. The region has since been dominated by a succession of Chinese and Russian (and later Soviet and independent Kazakh) governments, each of which recognized the essential role of irrigated agriculture in maintaining control. Thus every cycle of destruction led to reclamation of new lands, resettlement of farmers and upgrading of infrastructure to expand irrigation. This allowed an impressive diversity of fruits, vegetables and field crops to be grown, especially on loess soils of the more fertile upper basin, where tributaries could be easily tapped by gravity flow. Many of these tributaries were entirely diverted by the 19th century, so that they no longer reached the Ili. Large scale irrigation commenced in the 1960s, when the Soviets built Kapchagai dam and reservoir in the lower part of the basin and installed pumps to raise water from the Ili River onto nearby reclaimed sierozem soils, mostly for cultivation of rice. China later constructed a cluster of small- and medium-sized dams that enabled expansion of agriculture in the upper part of the basin. Many irrigated areas along the lower reaches of the Ili in Kazakhstan have been abandoned, but irrigation in the upper basin continues to expand. Declining soil fertility, salinization, pollution, insufficient inflows and adverse economic conditions currently challenge irrigation across the entire basin. Investments are being made in new technologies as a means to sustain irrigated agriculture in the basin, but it remains to be seen if these strategies will be successful. |
topic |
Ili River irrigated agriculture loess sierozem soils transboundary river basins salinization |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/11/1650 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT stevengpueppke irrigationintheiliriverbasinofcentralasiafromditchestodamsanddiversion AT qinglingzhang irrigationintheiliriverbasinofcentralasiafromditchestodamsanddiversion AT sabirtnurtazin irrigationintheiliriverbasinofcentralasiafromditchestodamsanddiversion |
_version_ |
1725106977961410560 |