An Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging Core Based on Frequency Shift Keying Towards Indoor Localization
This paper describes a new approach and implementation methodology for indoor ranging based on the time difference of arrival using code division multiple access with ultrasound signals. A novel implementation based on a field programmable gate array using finite impulse response filters and an opti...
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doaj-dea2a81eb9fe46cebe90a72b0943c2bd2020-11-24T22:06:39ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202015-07-01158186411866510.3390/s150818641s150818641An Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging Core Based on Frequency Shift Keying Towards Indoor LocalizationLaurent Segers0David Van Bavegem1Sam De Winne2An Braeken3Abdellah Touhafi4Kris Steenhaut5Department of Industrial Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, BelgiumDepartment of Industrial Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, BelgiumDepartment of Industrial Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, BelgiumDepartment of Industrial Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, BelgiumDepartment of Industrial Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, BelgiumDepartment of Industrial Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, BelgiumThis paper describes a new approach and implementation methodology for indoor ranging based on the time difference of arrival using code division multiple access with ultrasound signals. A novel implementation based on a field programmable gate array using finite impulse response filters and an optimized correlation demodulator implementation for ultrasound orthogonal signals is developed. Orthogonal codes are modulated onto ultrasound signals using frequency shift keying with carrier frequencies of 24.5 kHz and 26 kHz. This implementation enhances the possibilities for real-time, embedded and low-power tracking of several simultaneous transmitters. Due to the high degree of parallelism offered by field programmable gate arrays, up to four transmitters can be tracked simultaneously. The implementation requires at most 30% of the available logic gates of a Spartan-6 XC6SLX45 device and is evaluated on accuracy and precision through several ranging topologies. In the first topology, the distance between one transmitter and one receiver is evaluated. Afterwards, ranging analyses are applied between two simultaneous transmitters and one receiver. Ultimately, the position of the receiver against four transmitters using trilateration is also demonstrated. Results show enhanced distance measurements with distances ranging from a few centimeters up to 17 m, while keeping a centimeter-level accuracy.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18641indoor ultrasound localizationindoor ultrasound rangingFPGA rangingFPGA correlatorultrasound orthogonal frequency shift keyingultrasound MEMS |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Laurent Segers David Van Bavegem Sam De Winne An Braeken Abdellah Touhafi Kris Steenhaut |
spellingShingle |
Laurent Segers David Van Bavegem Sam De Winne An Braeken Abdellah Touhafi Kris Steenhaut An Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging Core Based on Frequency Shift Keying Towards Indoor Localization Sensors indoor ultrasound localization indoor ultrasound ranging FPGA ranging FPGA correlator ultrasound orthogonal frequency shift keying ultrasound MEMS |
author_facet |
Laurent Segers David Van Bavegem Sam De Winne An Braeken Abdellah Touhafi Kris Steenhaut |
author_sort |
Laurent Segers |
title |
An Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging Core Based on Frequency Shift Keying Towards Indoor Localization |
title_short |
An Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging Core Based on Frequency Shift Keying Towards Indoor Localization |
title_full |
An Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging Core Based on Frequency Shift Keying Towards Indoor Localization |
title_fullStr |
An Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging Core Based on Frequency Shift Keying Towards Indoor Localization |
title_full_unstemmed |
An Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging Core Based on Frequency Shift Keying Towards Indoor Localization |
title_sort |
ultrasonic multiple-access ranging core based on frequency shift keying towards indoor localization |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Sensors |
issn |
1424-8220 |
publishDate |
2015-07-01 |
description |
This paper describes a new approach and implementation methodology for indoor ranging based on the time difference of arrival using code division multiple access with ultrasound signals. A novel implementation based on a field programmable gate array using finite impulse response filters and an optimized correlation demodulator implementation for ultrasound orthogonal signals is developed. Orthogonal codes are modulated onto ultrasound signals using frequency shift keying with carrier frequencies of 24.5 kHz and 26 kHz. This implementation enhances the possibilities for real-time, embedded and low-power tracking of several simultaneous transmitters. Due to the high degree of parallelism offered by field programmable gate arrays, up to four transmitters can be tracked simultaneously. The implementation requires at most 30% of the available logic gates of a Spartan-6 XC6SLX45 device and is evaluated on accuracy and precision through several ranging topologies. In the first topology, the distance between one transmitter and one receiver is evaluated. Afterwards, ranging analyses are applied between two simultaneous transmitters and one receiver. Ultimately, the position of the receiver against four transmitters using trilateration is also demonstrated. Results show enhanced distance measurements with distances ranging from a few centimeters up to 17 m, while keeping a centimeter-level accuracy. |
topic |
indoor ultrasound localization indoor ultrasound ranging FPGA ranging FPGA correlator ultrasound orthogonal frequency shift keying ultrasound MEMS |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18641 |
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