Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds
Ground reaction force (GRF) is a key metric in biomechanical research, including parameters of loading rate (LR), first impact peak, second impact peak, and transient between first and second impact peaks in heel strike runners. The GRFs vary over time during stance. This study was aimed to investig...
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2021-03-01
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doaj-dea8c48fe9654ef38c1da5f887be93c92021-03-25T04:53:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852021-03-01910.3389/fbioe.2021.629809629809Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different SpeedsLin Yu0Lin Yu1Lin Yu2Qichang Mei3Qichang Mei4Qichang Mei5Liangliang Xiang6Liangliang Xiang7Liangliang Xiang8Wei Liu9Nur Ikhwan Mohamad10Bíró István11Justin Fernandez12Justin Fernandez13Justin Fernandez14Yaodong Gu15Yaodong Gu16Yaodong Gu17Loudi Vocational and Technical College, Loudi, ChinaFaculty of Sports Sciences and Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, MalaysiaFaculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaFaculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaResearch Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaAuckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandFaculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaResearch Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaAuckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandFaculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaFaculty of Sports Sciences and Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, HungaryResearch Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaAuckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandDepartment of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandFaculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaResearch Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaAuckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandGround reaction force (GRF) is a key metric in biomechanical research, including parameters of loading rate (LR), first impact peak, second impact peak, and transient between first and second impact peaks in heel strike runners. The GRFs vary over time during stance. This study was aimed to investigate the variances of GRFs in rearfoot striking runners across incremental speeds. Thirty female and male runners joined the running tests on the instrumented treadmill with speeds of 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, and 3.7 m/s. The discrete parameters of vertical average loading rate in the current study are consistent with the literature findings. The principal component analysis was modeled to investigate the main variances (95%) in the GRFs over stance. The females varied in the magnitude of braking and propulsive forces (PC1, 84.93%), whereas the male runners varied in the timing of propulsion (PC1, 53.38%). The female runners dominantly varied in the transient between the first and second peaks of vertical GRF (PC1, 36.52%) and LR (PC2, 33.76%), whereas the males variated in the LR and second peak of vertical GRF (PC1, 78.69%). Knowledge reported in the current study suggested the difference of the magnitude and patterns of GRF between male and female runners across different speeds. These findings may have implications for the prevention of sex-specific running-related injuries and could be integrated with wearable signals for the in-field prediction and estimation of impact loadings and GRFs.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.629809/fullgait biomechanicsgender differencemachine learningrunning velocityground reaction force |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Lin Yu Lin Yu Lin Yu Qichang Mei Qichang Mei Qichang Mei Liangliang Xiang Liangliang Xiang Liangliang Xiang Wei Liu Nur Ikhwan Mohamad Bíró István Justin Fernandez Justin Fernandez Justin Fernandez Yaodong Gu Yaodong Gu Yaodong Gu |
spellingShingle |
Lin Yu Lin Yu Lin Yu Qichang Mei Qichang Mei Qichang Mei Liangliang Xiang Liangliang Xiang Liangliang Xiang Wei Liu Nur Ikhwan Mohamad Bíró István Justin Fernandez Justin Fernandez Justin Fernandez Yaodong Gu Yaodong Gu Yaodong Gu Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology gait biomechanics gender difference machine learning running velocity ground reaction force |
author_facet |
Lin Yu Lin Yu Lin Yu Qichang Mei Qichang Mei Qichang Mei Liangliang Xiang Liangliang Xiang Liangliang Xiang Wei Liu Nur Ikhwan Mohamad Bíró István Justin Fernandez Justin Fernandez Justin Fernandez Yaodong Gu Yaodong Gu Yaodong Gu |
author_sort |
Lin Yu |
title |
Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds |
title_short |
Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds |
title_full |
Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds |
title_fullStr |
Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds |
title_full_unstemmed |
Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds |
title_sort |
principal component analysis of the running ground reaction forces with different speeds |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
issn |
2296-4185 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
Ground reaction force (GRF) is a key metric in biomechanical research, including parameters of loading rate (LR), first impact peak, second impact peak, and transient between first and second impact peaks in heel strike runners. The GRFs vary over time during stance. This study was aimed to investigate the variances of GRFs in rearfoot striking runners across incremental speeds. Thirty female and male runners joined the running tests on the instrumented treadmill with speeds of 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, and 3.7 m/s. The discrete parameters of vertical average loading rate in the current study are consistent with the literature findings. The principal component analysis was modeled to investigate the main variances (95%) in the GRFs over stance. The females varied in the magnitude of braking and propulsive forces (PC1, 84.93%), whereas the male runners varied in the timing of propulsion (PC1, 53.38%). The female runners dominantly varied in the transient between the first and second peaks of vertical GRF (PC1, 36.52%) and LR (PC2, 33.76%), whereas the males variated in the LR and second peak of vertical GRF (PC1, 78.69%). Knowledge reported in the current study suggested the difference of the magnitude and patterns of GRF between male and female runners across different speeds. These findings may have implications for the prevention of sex-specific running-related injuries and could be integrated with wearable signals for the in-field prediction and estimation of impact loadings and GRFs. |
topic |
gait biomechanics gender difference machine learning running velocity ground reaction force |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.629809/full |
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