Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera

Abstract The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been pro...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	F. Aharonian, Q. An, Axikegu, L. X. Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, H. Cai, J. T. Cai, Z. Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, X. C. Chang, B. M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli, X. J. Dong, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, Z. X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, Y. L. Feng, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. C. He, S. L. He, X. B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y. K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. Hu, S. C. Hu, X. J. Hu, D. H. Huang, Q. L. Huang, W. H. Huang, X. T. Huang, Z. C. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B. B. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, H. Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W. L. Li, X. Li, X. R. Li, Y. Li, Y. Z. Li, Z. Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S. J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, J. S. Liu, J. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. N. Liu, Z. X. Liu, W. J. Long, R. Lu, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y. C. Nan, B. Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, M. Y. Qi, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, J. R. Shi, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, B. D. Wang, C. Wang, H. Wang, H. G. Wang, J. C. Wang, J. S. Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, R. N. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. J. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, W. X. Wu, X. F. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, J. J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, G. Xiao, H. B. Xiao, G. G. Xin, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, D. L. Xu, R. X. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, C. W. Yang, F. F. Yang, J. Y. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, S. B. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, Y. M. Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, B. B. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S S. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, B. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, X. Zuo, The LHAASO Collaboration
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	SpringerOpen 2021-07-01
Series:	European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09414-z

id	doaj-e0bc4691f7e748a7803ee88d75c4aef3
record_format	Article
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	F. Aharonian Q. An Axikegu L. X. Bai Y. X. Bai Y. W. Bao D. Bastieri X. J. Bi Y. J. Bi H. Cai J. T. Cai Z. Cao Z. Cao J. Chang J. F. Chang X. C. Chang B. M. Chen J. Chen L. Chen L. Chen L. Chen M. J. Chen M. L. Chen Q. H. Chen S. H. Chen S. Z. Chen T. L. Chen X. L. Chen Y. Chen N. Cheng Y. D. Cheng S. W. Cui X. H. Cui Y. D. Cui B. Z. Dai H. L. Dai Z. G. Dai Danzengluobu D. della Volpe B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli X. J. Dong J. H. Fan Y. Z. Fan Z. X. Fan J. Fang K. Fang C. F. Feng L. Feng S. H. Feng Y. L. Feng B. Gao C. D. Gao Q. Gao W. Gao M. M. Ge L. S. Geng G. H. Gong Q. B. Gou M. H. Gu J. G. Guo X. L. Guo Y. Q. Guo Y. Y. Guo Y. A. Han H. H. He H. N. He J. C. He S. L. He X. B. He Y. He M. Heller Y. K. Hor C. Hou X. Hou H. B. Hu S. Hu S. C. Hu X. J. Hu D. H. Huang Q. L. Huang W. H. Huang X. T. Huang Z. C. Huang F. Ji X. L. Ji H. Y. Jia K. Jiang Z. J. Jiang C. Jin D. Kuleshov K. Levochkin B. B. Li C. Li C. Li F. Li H. B. Li H. C. Li H. Y. Li J. Li K. Li W. L. Li X. Li X. Li X. R. Li Y. Li Y. Z. Li Z. Li Z. Li E. W. Liang Y. F. Liang S. J. Lin B. Liu C. Liu D. Liu H. Liu H. D. Liu J. Liu J. L. Liu J. S. Liu J. Y. Liu M. Y. Liu R. Y. Liu S. M. Liu W. Liu Y. N. Liu Z. X. Liu W. J. Long R. Lu H. K. Lv B. Q. Ma L. L. Ma X. H. Ma J. R. Mao A. Masood W. Mitthumsiri T. Montaruli Y. C. Nan B. Y. Pang P. Pattarakijwanich Z. Y. Pei M. Y. Qi D. Ruffolo V. Rulev A. Sáiz L. Shao O. Shchegolev X. D. Sheng J. R. Shi H. C. Song Yu. V. Stenkin V. Stepanov Q. N. Sun X. N. Sun Z. B. Sun P. H. T. Tam Z. B. Tang W. W. Tian B. D. Wang C. Wang H. Wang H. G. Wang J. C. Wang J. S. Wang L. P. Wang L. Y. Wang R. N. Wang W. Wang W. Wang X. G. Wang X. J. Wang X. Y. Wang Y. D. Wang Y. J. Wang Y. P. Wang Z. Wang Z. Wang Z. H. Wang Z. X. Wang D. M. Wei J. J. Wei Y. J. Wei T. Wen C. Y. Wu H. R. Wu S. Wu W. X. Wu X. F. Wu S. Q. Xi J. Xia J. J. Xia G. M. Xiang G. Xiao H. B. Xiao G. G. Xin Y. L. Xin Y. Xing D. L. Xu R. X. Xu L. Xue D. H. Yan C. W. Yang F. F. Yang J. Y. Yang L. L. Yang M. J. Yang R. Z. Yang S. B. Yang Y. H. Yao Z. G. Yao Y. M. Ye L. Q. Yin N. Yin X. H. You Z. Y. You Y. H. Yu Q. Yuan H. D. Zeng T. X. Zeng W. Zeng Z. K. Zeng M. Zha X. X. Zhai B. B. Zhang H. M. Zhang H. Y. Zhang J. L. Zhang J. W. Zhang L. Zhang L. Zhang L. X. Zhang P. F. Zhang P. P. Zhang R. Zhang S. R. Zhang S S. Zhang X. Zhang X. P. Zhang Y. Zhang Y. Zhang Y. F. Zhang Y. L. Zhang B. Zhao J. Zhao L. Zhao L. Z. Zhao S. P. Zhao F. Zheng Y. Zheng B. Zhou H. Zhou J. N. Zhou P. Zhou R. Zhou X. X. Zhou C. G. Zhu F. R. Zhu H. Zhu K. J. Zhu X. Zuo The LHAASO Collaboration
spellingShingle	F. Aharonian Q. An Axikegu L. X. Bai Y. X. Bai Y. W. Bao D. Bastieri X. J. Bi Y. J. Bi H. Cai J. T. Cai Z. Cao Z. Cao J. Chang J. F. Chang X. C. Chang B. M. Chen J. Chen L. Chen L. Chen L. Chen M. J. Chen M. L. Chen Q. H. Chen S. H. Chen S. Z. Chen T. L. Chen X. L. Chen Y. Chen N. Cheng Y. D. Cheng S. W. Cui X. H. Cui Y. D. Cui B. Z. Dai H. L. Dai Z. G. Dai Danzengluobu D. della Volpe B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli X. J. Dong J. H. Fan Y. Z. Fan Z. X. Fan J. Fang K. Fang C. F. Feng L. Feng S. H. Feng Y. L. Feng B. Gao C. D. Gao Q. Gao W. Gao M. M. Ge L. S. Geng G. H. Gong Q. B. Gou M. H. Gu J. G. Guo X. L. Guo Y. Q. Guo Y. Y. Guo Y. A. Han H. H. He H. N. He J. C. He S. L. He X. B. He Y. He M. Heller Y. K. Hor C. Hou X. Hou H. B. Hu S. Hu S. C. Hu X. J. Hu D. H. Huang Q. L. Huang W. H. Huang X. T. Huang Z. C. Huang F. Ji X. L. Ji H. Y. Jia K. Jiang Z. J. Jiang C. Jin D. Kuleshov K. Levochkin B. B. Li C. Li C. Li F. Li H. B. Li H. C. Li H. Y. Li J. Li K. Li W. L. Li X. Li X. Li X. R. Li Y. Li Y. Z. Li Z. Li Z. Li E. W. Liang Y. F. Liang S. J. Lin B. Liu C. Liu D. Liu H. Liu H. D. Liu J. Liu J. L. Liu J. S. Liu J. Y. Liu M. Y. Liu R. Y. Liu S. M. Liu W. Liu Y. N. Liu Z. X. Liu W. J. Long R. Lu H. K. Lv B. Q. Ma L. L. Ma X. H. Ma J. R. Mao A. Masood W. Mitthumsiri T. Montaruli Y. C. Nan B. Y. Pang P. Pattarakijwanich Z. Y. Pei M. Y. Qi D. Ruffolo V. Rulev A. Sáiz L. Shao O. Shchegolev X. D. Sheng J. R. Shi H. C. Song Yu. V. Stenkin V. Stepanov Q. N. Sun X. N. Sun Z. B. Sun P. H. T. Tam Z. B. Tang W. W. Tian B. D. Wang C. Wang H. Wang H. G. Wang J. C. Wang J. S. Wang L. P. Wang L. Y. Wang R. N. Wang W. Wang W. Wang X. G. Wang X. J. Wang X. Y. Wang Y. D. Wang Y. J. Wang Y. P. Wang Z. Wang Z. Wang Z. H. Wang Z. X. Wang D. M. Wei J. J. Wei Y. J. Wei T. Wen C. Y. Wu H. R. Wu S. Wu W. X. Wu X. F. Wu S. Q. Xi J. Xia J. J. Xia G. M. Xiang G. Xiao H. B. Xiao G. G. Xin Y. L. Xin Y. Xing D. L. Xu R. X. Xu L. Xue D. H. Yan C. W. Yang F. F. Yang J. Y. Yang L. L. Yang M. J. Yang R. Z. Yang S. B. Yang Y. H. Yao Z. G. Yao Y. M. Ye L. Q. Yin N. Yin X. H. You Z. Y. You Y. H. Yu Q. Yuan H. D. Zeng T. X. Zeng W. Zeng Z. K. Zeng M. Zha X. X. Zhai B. B. Zhang H. M. Zhang H. Y. Zhang J. L. Zhang J. W. Zhang L. Zhang L. Zhang L. X. Zhang P. F. Zhang P. P. Zhang R. Zhang S. R. Zhang S S. Zhang X. Zhang X. P. Zhang Y. Zhang Y. Zhang Y. F. Zhang Y. L. Zhang B. Zhao J. Zhao L. Zhao L. Z. Zhao S. P. Zhao F. Zheng Y. Zheng B. Zhou H. Zhou J. N. Zhou P. Zhou R. Zhou X. X. Zhou C. G. Zhu F. R. Zhu H. Zhu K. J. Zhu X. Zuo The LHAASO Collaboration Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
author_facet	F. Aharonian Q. An Axikegu L. X. Bai Y. X. Bai Y. W. Bao D. Bastieri X. J. Bi Y. J. Bi H. Cai J. T. Cai Z. Cao Z. Cao J. Chang J. F. Chang X. C. Chang B. M. Chen J. Chen L. Chen L. Chen L. Chen M. J. Chen M. L. Chen Q. H. Chen S. H. Chen S. Z. Chen T. L. Chen X. L. Chen Y. Chen N. Cheng Y. D. Cheng S. W. Cui X. H. Cui Y. D. Cui B. Z. Dai H. L. Dai Z. G. Dai Danzengluobu D. della Volpe B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli X. J. Dong J. H. Fan Y. Z. Fan Z. X. Fan J. Fang K. Fang C. F. Feng L. Feng S. H. Feng Y. L. Feng B. Gao C. D. Gao Q. Gao W. Gao M. M. Ge L. S. Geng G. H. Gong Q. B. Gou M. H. Gu J. G. Guo X. L. Guo Y. Q. Guo Y. Y. Guo Y. A. Han H. H. He H. N. He J. C. He S. L. He X. B. He Y. He M. Heller Y. K. Hor C. Hou X. Hou H. B. Hu S. Hu S. C. Hu X. J. Hu D. H. Huang Q. L. Huang W. H. Huang X. T. Huang Z. C. Huang F. Ji X. L. Ji H. Y. Jia K. Jiang Z. J. Jiang C. Jin D. Kuleshov K. Levochkin B. B. Li C. Li C. Li F. Li H. B. Li H. C. Li H. Y. Li J. Li K. Li W. L. Li X. Li X. Li X. R. Li Y. Li Y. Z. Li Z. Li Z. Li E. W. Liang Y. F. Liang S. J. Lin B. Liu C. Liu D. Liu H. Liu H. D. Liu J. Liu J. L. Liu J. S. Liu J. Y. Liu M. Y. Liu R. Y. Liu S. M. Liu W. Liu Y. N. Liu Z. X. Liu W. J. Long R. Lu H. K. Lv B. Q. Ma L. L. Ma X. H. Ma J. R. Mao A. Masood W. Mitthumsiri T. Montaruli Y. C. Nan B. Y. Pang P. Pattarakijwanich Z. Y. Pei M. Y. Qi D. Ruffolo V. Rulev A. Sáiz L. Shao O. Shchegolev X. D. Sheng J. R. Shi H. C. Song Yu. V. Stenkin V. Stepanov Q. N. Sun X. N. Sun Z. B. Sun P. H. T. Tam Z. B. Tang W. W. Tian B. D. Wang C. Wang H. Wang H. G. Wang J. C. Wang J. S. Wang L. P. Wang L. Y. Wang R. N. Wang W. Wang W. Wang X. G. Wang X. J. Wang X. Y. Wang Y. D. Wang Y. J. Wang Y. P. Wang Z. Wang Z. Wang Z. H. Wang Z. X. Wang D. M. Wei J. J. Wei Y. J. Wei T. Wen C. Y. Wu H. R. Wu S. Wu W. X. Wu X. F. Wu S. Q. Xi J. Xia J. J. Xia G. M. Xiang G. Xiao H. B. Xiao G. G. Xin Y. L. Xin Y. Xing D. L. Xu R. X. Xu L. Xue D. H. Yan C. W. Yang F. F. Yang J. Y. Yang L. L. Yang M. J. Yang R. Z. Yang S. B. Yang Y. H. Yao Z. G. Yao Y. M. Ye L. Q. Yin N. Yin X. H. You Z. Y. You Y. H. Yu Q. Yuan H. D. Zeng T. X. Zeng W. Zeng Z. K. Zeng M. Zha X. X. Zhai B. B. Zhang H. M. Zhang H. Y. Zhang J. L. Zhang J. W. Zhang L. Zhang L. Zhang L. X. Zhang P. F. Zhang P. P. Zhang R. Zhang S. R. Zhang S S. Zhang X. Zhang X. P. Zhang Y. Zhang Y. Zhang Y. F. Zhang Y. L. Zhang B. Zhao J. Zhao L. Zhao L. Z. Zhao S. P. Zhao F. Zheng Y. Zheng B. Zhou H. Zhou J. N. Zhou P. Zhou R. Zhou X. X. Zhou C. G. Zhu F. R. Zhu H. Zhu K. J. Zhu X. Zuo The LHAASO Collaboration
author_sort	F. Aharonian
title	Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera
title_short	Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera
title_full	Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera
title_fullStr	Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera
title_full_unstemmed	Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera
title_sort	construction and on-site performance of the lhaaso wfcta camera
publisher	SpringerOpen
series	European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
issn	1434-6044 1434-6052
publishDate	2021-07-01
description	Abstract The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in this application. Eighteen SiPM-based cameras with square light funnels have been built for WFCTA. The telescopes have collected more than 100 million cosmic ray events and preliminary results indicate that these cameras are capable of working under moonlight. The characteristics of the light funnels and SiPMs pose challenges (e.g. dynamic range, dark count rate, assembly techniques). In this paper, we present the design features, manufacturing techniques and performances of these cameras. Finally, the test facilities, the test methods and results of SiPMs in the cameras are reported here.
url	https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09414-z
work_keys_str_mv	AT faharonian constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT qan constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT axikegu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lxbai constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yxbai constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ywbao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT dbastieri constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xjbi constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yjbi constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hcai constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jtcai constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zcao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zcao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jchang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jfchang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xcchang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bmchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT mjchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT mlchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT qhchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT shchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT szchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT tlchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xlchen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ychen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ncheng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ydcheng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT swcui constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xhcui constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ydcui constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bzdai constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hldai constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zgdai constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT danzengluobu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ddellavolpe constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bdettorrepiazzoli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xjdong constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jhfan constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yzfan constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zxfan constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jfang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT kfang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cffeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lfeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT shfeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ylfeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bgao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cdgao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT qgao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wgao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT mmge constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lsgeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ghgong constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT qbgou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT mhgu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jgguo constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xlguo constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yqguo constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yyguo constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yahan constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hhhe constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hnhe constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jche constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT slhe constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xbhe constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yhe constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT mheller constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ykhor constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT chou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xhou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hbhu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT shu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT schu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xjhu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT dhhuang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT qlhuang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT whhuang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xthuang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zchuang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT fji constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xlji constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hyjia constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT kjiang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zjjiang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cjin constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT dkuleshov constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT klevochkin constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bbli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT fli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hbli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hcli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hyli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT kli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wlli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xrli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yzli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ewliang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yfliang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT sjlin constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT dliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hdliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jlliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jsliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jyliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT myliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ryliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT smliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ynliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zxliu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wjlong constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT rlu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hklv constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bqma constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT llma constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xhma constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jrmao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT amasood constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wmitthumsiri constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT tmontaruli constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ycnan constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bypang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ppattarakijwanich constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zypei constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT myqi constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT druffolo constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT vrulev constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT asaiz constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lshao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT oshchegolev constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xdsheng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jrshi constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hcsong constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yuvstenkin constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT vstepanov constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT qnsun constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xnsun constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zbsun constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT phttam constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zbtang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wwtian constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bdwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hgwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jcwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jswang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lpwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lywang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT rnwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xgwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xjwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xywang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ydwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yjwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ypwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zhwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zxwang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT dmwei constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jjwei constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yjwei constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT twen constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cywu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hrwu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT swu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wxwu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xfwu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT sqxi constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jxia constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jjxia constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT gmxiang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT gxiao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hbxiao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ggxin constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ylxin constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yxing constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT dlxu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT rxxu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lxue constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT dhyan constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cwyang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ffyang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jyyang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT llyang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT mjyang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT rzyang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT sbyang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yhyao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zgyao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ymye constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lqyin constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT nyin constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xhyou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zyyou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yhyu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT qyuan constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hdzeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT txzeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT wzeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT zkzeng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT mzha constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xxzhai constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bbzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hmzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hyzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jlzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jwzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lxzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT pfzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ppzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT rzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT srzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT sszhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xpzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yfzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT ylzhang constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bzhao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jzhao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lzhao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT lzzhao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT spzhao constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT fzheng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT yzheng constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT bzhou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hzhou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT jnzhou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT pzhou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT rzhou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xxzhou constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT cgzhu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT frzhu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT hzhu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT kjzhu constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT xzuo constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera AT thelhaasocollaboration constructionandonsiteperformanceofthelhaasowfctacamera
_version_	1721246250526834688
spelling	doaj-e0bc4691f7e748a7803ee88d75c4aef32021-08-01T11:12:45ZengSpringerOpenEuropean Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields1434-60441434-60522021-07-0181711510.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09414-zConstruction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA cameraF. Aharonian0Q. An1Axikegu2L. X. Bai3Y. X. Bai4Y. W. Bao5D. Bastieri6X. J. Bi7Y. J. Bi8H. Cai9J. T. Cai10Z. Cao11Z. Cao12J. Chang13J. F. Chang14X. C. Chang15B. M. Chen16J. Chen17L. Chen18L. Chen19L. Chen20M. J. Chen21M. L. Chen22Q. H. Chen23S. H. Chen24S. Z. Chen25T. L. Chen26X. L. Chen27Y. Chen28N. Cheng29Y. D. Cheng30S. W. Cui31X. H. Cui32Y. D. Cui33B. Z. Dai34H. L. Dai35Z. G. Dai36Danzengluobu37D. della Volpe38B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli39X. J. Dong40J. H. Fan41Y. Z. Fan42Z. X. Fan43J. Fang44K. Fang45C. F. Feng46L. Feng47S. H. Feng48Y. L. Feng49B. Gao50C. D. Gao51Q. Gao52W. Gao53M. M. Ge54L. S. Geng55G. H. Gong56Q. B. Gou57M. H. Gu58J. G. Guo59X. L. Guo60Y. Q. Guo61Y. Y. Guo62Y. A. Han63H. H. He64H. N. He65J. C. He66S. L. He67X. B. He68Y. He69M. Heller70Y. K. Hor71C. Hou72X. Hou73H. B. Hu74S. Hu75S. C. Hu76X. J. Hu77D. H. Huang78Q. L. Huang79W. H. Huang80X. T. Huang81Z. C. Huang82F. Ji83X. L. Ji84H. Y. Jia85K. Jiang86Z. J. Jiang87C. Jin88D. Kuleshov89K. Levochkin90B. B. Li91C. Li92C. Li93F. Li94H. B. Li95H. C. Li96H. Y. Li97J. Li98K. Li99W. L. Li100X. Li101X. Li102X. R. Li103Y. Li104Y. Z. Li105Z. Li106Z. Li107E. W. Liang108Y. F. Liang109S. J. Lin110B. Liu111C. Liu112D. Liu113H. Liu114H. D. Liu115J. Liu116J. L. Liu117J. S. Liu118J. Y. Liu119M. Y. Liu120R. Y. Liu121S. M. Liu122W. Liu123Y. N. Liu124Z. X. Liu125W. J. Long126R. Lu127H. K. Lv128B. Q. Ma129L. L. Ma130X. H. Ma131J. R. Mao132A. Masood133W. Mitthumsiri134T. Montaruli135Y. C. Nan136B. Y. Pang137P. Pattarakijwanich138Z. Y. Pei139M. Y. Qi140D. Ruffolo141V. Rulev142A. Sáiz143L. Shao144O. Shchegolev145X. D. Sheng146J. R. Shi147H. C. Song148Yu. V. Stenkin149V. Stepanov150Q. N. Sun151X. N. Sun152Z. B. Sun153P. H. T. Tam154Z. B. Tang155W. W. Tian156B. D. Wang157C. Wang158H. Wang159H. G. Wang160J. C. Wang161J. S. Wang162L. P. Wang163L. Y. Wang164R. N. Wang165W. Wang166W. Wang167X. G. Wang168X. J. Wang169X. Y. Wang170Y. D. Wang171Y. J. Wang172Y. P. Wang173Z. Wang174Z. Wang175Z. H. Wang176Z. X. Wang177D. M. Wei178J. J. Wei179Y. J. Wei180T. Wen181C. Y. Wu182H. R. Wu183S. Wu184W. X. Wu185X. F. Wu186S. Q. Xi187J. Xia188J. J. Xia189G. M. Xiang190G. Xiao191H. B. Xiao192G. G. Xin193Y. L. Xin194Y. Xing195D. L. Xu196R. X. Xu197L. Xue198D. H. Yan199C. W. Yang200F. F. Yang201J. Y. Yang202L. L. Yang203M. J. Yang204R. Z. Yang205S. B. Yang206Y. H. Yao207Z. G. Yao208Y. M. Ye209L. Q. Yin210N. Yin211X. H. You212Z. Y. You213Y. H. Yu214Q. Yuan215H. D. Zeng216T. X. Zeng217W. Zeng218Z. K. Zeng219M. Zha220X. X. Zhai221B. B. Zhang222H. M. Zhang223H. Y. Zhang224J. L. Zhang225J. W. Zhang226L. Zhang227L. Zhang228L. X. Zhang229P. F. Zhang230P. P. Zhang231R. Zhang232S. R. Zhang233S S. Zhang234X. Zhang235X. P. Zhang236Y. Zhang237Y. Zhang238Y. F. Zhang239Y. L. Zhang240B. Zhao241J. Zhao242L. Zhao243L. Z. Zhao244S. P. Zhao245F. Zheng246Y. Zheng247B. Zhou248H. Zhou249J. N. Zhou250P. Zhou251R. Zhou252X. X. Zhou253C. G. Zhu254F. R. Zhu255H. Zhu256K. J. Zhu257X. Zuo258The LHAASO CollaborationDublin Institute for Advanced StudiesState Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and ElectronicsSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversityCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics and Technology, Wuhan UniversityCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesState Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and ElectronicsKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesHebei Normal UniversityCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesHebei Normal UniversityNational Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversityKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of EducationDépartement de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de GenèveDipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’AngeloKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou UniversityKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of EducationInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDepartment of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityDépartement de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de GenèveSchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDepartment of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityState Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and ElectronicsSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of SciencesInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of SciencesHebei Normal UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesState Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and ElectronicsKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityState Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and ElectronicsSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics, Peking UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversityUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversitySchool of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesTsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of EducationSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversityKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDepartment of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua UniversityCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics, Peking UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol UniversityDépartement de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de GenèveInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol UniversityCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol UniversityInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of SciencesDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol UniversityHebei Normal UniversityInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics, Peking UniversityInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of SciencesInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi UniversityNational Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversityState Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and ElectronicsUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesNational Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou UniversityYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of SciencesTsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversitySchool of Physics and Technology, Wuhan UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesTsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou UniversitySchool of Physics and Technology, Wuhan UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesTsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversitySchool of Physics, Peking UniversityInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of SciencesCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDepartment of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversitySchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversityInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversityNational Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of SciencesCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversityHebei Normal UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan UniversityHebei Normal UniversityUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHebei Normal UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesState Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and ElectronicsHebei Normal UniversityKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesNational Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesTsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityKey Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing UniversityCollege of Physics, Sichuan UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong UniversitySchool of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityNational Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesAbstract The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in this application. Eighteen SiPM-based cameras with square light funnels have been built for WFCTA. The telescopes have collected more than 100 million cosmic ray events and preliminary results indicate that these cameras are capable of working under moonlight. The characteristics of the light funnels and SiPMs pose challenges (e.g. dynamic range, dark count rate, assembly techniques). In this paper, we present the design features, manufacturing techniques and performances of these cameras. Finally, the test facilities, the test methods and results of SiPMs in the cameras are reported here.https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09414-z

Construction and on-site performance of the LHAASO WFCTA camera

Similar Items