Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China
Jinan is known as “Spring City,” because of its famous 72 artesian springs. Spring water plays an important role in the social and economic development of Jinan. However, the accelerating process of urbanization and more intensive human activities have significantly affected the Jinan springs. Based...
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doaj-e12243df64614a1088ed51cd6acc21eb2020-11-25T02:37:37ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-04-01121009100910.3390/w12041009Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern ChinaZongjun Gao0Jiutan Liu1Xingyong Xu2Qingbing Wang3Min Wang4Jianguo Feng5Tengfei Fu6College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaKey Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, ChinaShandong Geological Environmental Monitoring Station, Jinan 250014, ChinaCollege of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaKey Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, ChinaJinan is known as “Spring City,” because of its famous 72 artesian springs. Spring water plays an important role in the social and economic development of Jinan. However, the accelerating process of urbanization and more intensive human activities have significantly affected the Jinan springs. Based on the data from four spring groups (2015–2018), the hydrochemical characteristics of spring water were analyzed and 14 parameters were selected to evaluate the quality of spring water. In addition, the main ions variation characteristics of spring water in Jinan from 1958 to 2018 were analyzed, based on the previous studies. Subsequently, the spring flow dynamics of the Jinan spring area from 1958 to 2012 were also discussed. Overall, the water quality of the four spring groups is good. The chemical composition of the spring water is mainly controlled by the dissolution of calcite, followed by dolomite, and de-dolomitization. However, spring water is affected by human activities, and the hydrochemical type tends to evolve from HCO<sub>3</sub>-Ca to HCO<sub>3</sub>·SO<sub>4</sub>-Ca or HCO<sub>3</sub>-Ca·Mg. From 1958 to 2013, the main ions in spring water increased, while a relatively steady and certain fluctuation trend was observed from 2015 to 2018. Since 1958, the spring water flow in Jinan has experienced four stages, from decline to recovery. The exploitation of karst groundwater, change of land use type, and decrease of atmospheric precipitation are the three most important factors, affecting spring discharge dynamics. The slowdown of the increase of the main ion concentration in Jinan spring water and the resumption of spring water flowing indicate that remarkable achievements have been made to protect spring water, but there is still a long way to go to fully protect Jinan spring water.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/4/1009spring watertemporal variationshydrochemistryspring flowinfluence factorsJinan spring area |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Zongjun Gao Jiutan Liu Xingyong Xu Qingbing Wang Min Wang Jianguo Feng Tengfei Fu |
spellingShingle |
Zongjun Gao Jiutan Liu Xingyong Xu Qingbing Wang Min Wang Jianguo Feng Tengfei Fu Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China Water spring water temporal variations hydrochemistry spring flow influence factors Jinan spring area |
author_facet |
Zongjun Gao Jiutan Liu Xingyong Xu Qingbing Wang Min Wang Jianguo Feng Tengfei Fu |
author_sort |
Zongjun Gao |
title |
Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China |
title_short |
Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China |
title_full |
Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China |
title_fullStr |
Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China |
title_full_unstemmed |
Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China |
title_sort |
temporal variations of spring water in karst areas: a case study of jinan spring area, northern china |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2020-04-01 |
description |
Jinan is known as “Spring City,” because of its famous 72 artesian springs. Spring water plays an important role in the social and economic development of Jinan. However, the accelerating process of urbanization and more intensive human activities have significantly affected the Jinan springs. Based on the data from four spring groups (2015–2018), the hydrochemical characteristics of spring water were analyzed and 14 parameters were selected to evaluate the quality of spring water. In addition, the main ions variation characteristics of spring water in Jinan from 1958 to 2018 were analyzed, based on the previous studies. Subsequently, the spring flow dynamics of the Jinan spring area from 1958 to 2012 were also discussed. Overall, the water quality of the four spring groups is good. The chemical composition of the spring water is mainly controlled by the dissolution of calcite, followed by dolomite, and de-dolomitization. However, spring water is affected by human activities, and the hydrochemical type tends to evolve from HCO<sub>3</sub>-Ca to HCO<sub>3</sub>·SO<sub>4</sub>-Ca or HCO<sub>3</sub>-Ca·Mg. From 1958 to 2013, the main ions in spring water increased, while a relatively steady and certain fluctuation trend was observed from 2015 to 2018. Since 1958, the spring water flow in Jinan has experienced four stages, from decline to recovery. The exploitation of karst groundwater, change of land use type, and decrease of atmospheric precipitation are the three most important factors, affecting spring discharge dynamics. The slowdown of the increase of the main ion concentration in Jinan spring water and the resumption of spring water flowing indicate that remarkable achievements have been made to protect spring water, but there is still a long way to go to fully protect Jinan spring water. |
topic |
spring water temporal variations hydrochemistry spring flow influence factors Jinan spring area |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/4/1009 |
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