Exogenous Spermidine Improves Seed Germination of White Clover under Water Stress via Involvement in Starch Metabolism, Antioxidant Defenses and Relevant Gene Expression
This study was designed to determine the effect of exogenous spermidine (Spd) (30 μM) on white clover seed germination under water stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000. Use of seed priming with Spd improved seed germination percentage, germination vigor, germination index, root viability and l...
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doaj-e13d065040fd4f958e096b7255bea8122020-11-24T23:37:51ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492014-11-011911180031802410.3390/molecules191118003molecules191118003Exogenous Spermidine Improves Seed Germination of White Clover under Water Stress via Involvement in Starch Metabolism, Antioxidant Defenses and Relevant Gene ExpressionZhou Li0Yan Peng1Xin-Quan Zhang2Xiao Ma3Lin-Kai Huang4Yan-Hong Yan5College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, ChinaThis study was designed to determine the effect of exogenous spermidine (Spd) (30 μM) on white clover seed germination under water stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000. Use of seed priming with Spd improved seed germination percentage, germination vigor, germination index, root viability and length, and shortened mean germination time under different water stress conditions. Seedling fresh weight and dry weight also increased significantly in Spd-treated seeds compared with control (seeds primed with distilled water). Improved starch metabolism was considered a possible reason for this seed invigoration, since seeds primed with Spd had significantly increased α-amylase/β-amylase activities, reducing sugar, fructose and glucose content and transcript level of β-amylase gene but not transcript level of α-amylase gene. In addition, the physiological effects of exogenous Spd on improving seeds’ tolerance to water deficit during germination were reflected by lower lipid peroxidation levels, better cell membrane stability and significant higher seed vigour index in seedlings. Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), ascorbate-glutathione cycle (ASC-GSH cycle) and transcript level of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes induced by exogenous Spd may be one of the critical reasons behind acquired drought tolerance through scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in water-stressed white clover seeds. The results indicate that Spd plays an important function as a stress-protective compound or physiological activator.http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/11/18003amylasedroughtgene expressionreactive oxygen specieswhite clover (Trifolium repens L.) |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Zhou Li Yan Peng Xin-Quan Zhang Xiao Ma Lin-Kai Huang Yan-Hong Yan |
spellingShingle |
Zhou Li Yan Peng Xin-Quan Zhang Xiao Ma Lin-Kai Huang Yan-Hong Yan Exogenous Spermidine Improves Seed Germination of White Clover under Water Stress via Involvement in Starch Metabolism, Antioxidant Defenses and Relevant Gene Expression Molecules amylase drought gene expression reactive oxygen species white clover (Trifolium repens L.) |
author_facet |
Zhou Li Yan Peng Xin-Quan Zhang Xiao Ma Lin-Kai Huang Yan-Hong Yan |
author_sort |
Zhou Li |
title |
Exogenous Spermidine Improves Seed Germination of White Clover under Water Stress via Involvement in Starch Metabolism, Antioxidant Defenses and Relevant Gene Expression |
title_short |
Exogenous Spermidine Improves Seed Germination of White Clover under Water Stress via Involvement in Starch Metabolism, Antioxidant Defenses and Relevant Gene Expression |
title_full |
Exogenous Spermidine Improves Seed Germination of White Clover under Water Stress via Involvement in Starch Metabolism, Antioxidant Defenses and Relevant Gene Expression |
title_fullStr |
Exogenous Spermidine Improves Seed Germination of White Clover under Water Stress via Involvement in Starch Metabolism, Antioxidant Defenses and Relevant Gene Expression |
title_full_unstemmed |
Exogenous Spermidine Improves Seed Germination of White Clover under Water Stress via Involvement in Starch Metabolism, Antioxidant Defenses and Relevant Gene Expression |
title_sort |
exogenous spermidine improves seed germination of white clover under water stress via involvement in starch metabolism, antioxidant defenses and relevant gene expression |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2014-11-01 |
description |
This study was designed to determine the effect of exogenous spermidine (Spd) (30 μM) on white clover seed germination under water stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000. Use of seed priming with Spd improved seed germination percentage, germination vigor, germination index, root viability and length, and shortened mean germination time under different water stress conditions. Seedling fresh weight and dry weight also increased significantly in Spd-treated seeds compared with control (seeds primed with distilled water). Improved starch metabolism was considered a possible reason for this seed invigoration, since seeds primed with Spd had significantly increased α-amylase/β-amylase activities, reducing sugar, fructose and glucose content and transcript level of β-amylase gene but not transcript level of α-amylase gene. In addition, the physiological effects of exogenous Spd on improving seeds’ tolerance to water deficit during germination were reflected by lower lipid peroxidation levels, better cell membrane stability and significant higher seed vigour index in seedlings. Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), ascorbate-glutathione cycle (ASC-GSH cycle) and transcript level of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes induced by exogenous Spd may be one of the critical reasons behind acquired drought tolerance through scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in water-stressed white clover seeds. The results indicate that Spd plays an important function as a stress-protective compound or physiological activator. |
topic |
amylase drought gene expression reactive oxygen species white clover (Trifolium repens L.) |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/11/18003 |
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