| Summary: | Several approaches are proposed in the attempt of understanding the human subject in its intrinsic biological nature. A character shared by many aspects with a lot of other living organisms which will be analysed here through the peculiarity of the human specificity. The first approach is about the ontological nature of the body-subject. Materially impermanent, a slow self-incarnation but thinking and saying always “I”, the body-subject in the course of time is fulfilling himself through the individuation. Second, according to the theory of the evolution of species, if biological constraints and contingency are operating during the evolution of the living, a parallel is drawn with the individual-subject where subject structuring constraints and chance during life are moulding his existence and personality. The question of the free will is then discussed in so far as the thought and actions of the subject, even within a rational process, could also be emanating from unconscious interactions with the world. Indeed, the third approach focuses to a part of the world, which is captured by the subject, without any knowing, through his sensitive organs or his emotions, which could feed his behaviours and decisions. Finally, we end by an interrogation: how is any theory of the subject, especially those developed in this particular issue of this journal, getting on when it is applied not to the current man but to the so-called “enhanced human”, in a transhumanist society, where biological, physical, cognitive, emotional characteristics are hugely modified by the synthetic biology and the nanotechnologies?
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