Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats
In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This pa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2020.00700/full |
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| language |
English |
| format |
Article |
| sources |
DOAJ |
| author |
Annie P. S. Wong Susan E. Wijffels Stephen C. Riser Sylvie Pouliquen Shigeki Hosoda Dean Roemmich John Gilson Gregory C. Johnson Kim Martini David J. Murphy Megan Scanderbeg T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar Justin J. H. Buck Frederic Merceur Thierry Carval Guillaume Maze Cécile Cabanes Xavier André Noé Poffa Igor Yashayaev Paul M. Barker Stéphanie Guinehut Mathieu Belbéoch Mark Ignaszewski Molly O'Neil Baringer Claudia Schmid John M. Lyman John M. Lyman Kristene E. McTaggart Sarah G. Purkey Nathalie Zilberman Matthew B. Alkire Dana Swift W. Brechner Owens Steven R. Jayne Cora Hersh Pelle Robbins Deb West-Mack Frank Bahr Sachiko Yoshida Philip J. H. Sutton Romain Cancouët Christine Coatanoan Delphine Dobbler Andrea Garcia Juan Jerôme Gourrion Nicolas Kolodziejczyk Vincent Bernard Bernard Bourlès Hervé Claustre Fabrizio D'Ortenzio Serge Le Reste Pierre-Yve Le Traon Jean-Philippe Rannou Carole Saout-Grit Sabrina Speich Virginie Thierry Nathalie Verbrugge Ingrid M. Angel-Benavides Birgit Klein Giulio Notarstefano Pierre-Marie Poulain Pedro Vélez-Belchí Toshio Suga Kentaro Ando Naoto Iwasaska Taiyo Kobayashi Shuhei Masuda Eitarou Oka Kanako Sato Tomoaki Nakamura Katsunari Sato Yasushi Takatsuki Takashi Yoshida Rebecca Cowley Jenny L. Lovell Peter R. Oke Esmee M. van Wijk Esmee M. van Wijk Fiona Carse Matthew Donnelly W. John Gould Katie Gowers Brian A. King Stephen G. Loch Mary Mowat Jon Turton E. Pattabhi Rama Rao M. Ravichandran Howard J. Freeland Isabelle Gaboury Denis Gilbert Blair J. W. Greenan Mathieu Ouellet Tetjana Ross Anh Tran Mingmei Dong Zenghong Liu Jianping Xu KiRyong Kang HyeongJun Jo Sung-Dae Kim Hyuk-Min Park |
| spellingShingle |
Annie P. S. Wong Susan E. Wijffels Stephen C. Riser Sylvie Pouliquen Shigeki Hosoda Dean Roemmich John Gilson Gregory C. Johnson Kim Martini David J. Murphy Megan Scanderbeg T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar Justin J. H. Buck Frederic Merceur Thierry Carval Guillaume Maze Cécile Cabanes Xavier André Noé Poffa Igor Yashayaev Paul M. Barker Stéphanie Guinehut Mathieu Belbéoch Mark Ignaszewski Molly O'Neil Baringer Claudia Schmid John M. Lyman John M. Lyman Kristene E. McTaggart Sarah G. Purkey Nathalie Zilberman Matthew B. Alkire Dana Swift W. Brechner Owens Steven R. Jayne Cora Hersh Pelle Robbins Deb West-Mack Frank Bahr Sachiko Yoshida Philip J. H. Sutton Romain Cancouët Christine Coatanoan Delphine Dobbler Andrea Garcia Juan Jerôme Gourrion Nicolas Kolodziejczyk Vincent Bernard Bernard Bourlès Hervé Claustre Fabrizio D'Ortenzio Serge Le Reste Pierre-Yve Le Traon Jean-Philippe Rannou Carole Saout-Grit Sabrina Speich Virginie Thierry Nathalie Verbrugge Ingrid M. Angel-Benavides Birgit Klein Giulio Notarstefano Pierre-Marie Poulain Pedro Vélez-Belchí Toshio Suga Kentaro Ando Naoto Iwasaska Taiyo Kobayashi Shuhei Masuda Eitarou Oka Kanako Sato Tomoaki Nakamura Katsunari Sato Yasushi Takatsuki Takashi Yoshida Rebecca Cowley Jenny L. Lovell Peter R. Oke Esmee M. van Wijk Esmee M. van Wijk Fiona Carse Matthew Donnelly W. John Gould Katie Gowers Brian A. King Stephen G. Loch Mary Mowat Jon Turton E. Pattabhi Rama Rao M. Ravichandran Howard J. Freeland Isabelle Gaboury Denis Gilbert Blair J. W. Greenan Mathieu Ouellet Tetjana Ross Anh Tran Mingmei Dong Zenghong Liu Jianping Xu KiRyong Kang HyeongJun Jo Sung-Dae Kim Hyuk-Min Park Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats Frontiers in Marine Science global ocean pressure temperature salinity Argo |
| author_facet |
Annie P. S. Wong Susan E. Wijffels Stephen C. Riser Sylvie Pouliquen Shigeki Hosoda Dean Roemmich John Gilson Gregory C. Johnson Kim Martini David J. Murphy Megan Scanderbeg T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar Justin J. H. Buck Frederic Merceur Thierry Carval Guillaume Maze Cécile Cabanes Xavier André Noé Poffa Igor Yashayaev Paul M. Barker Stéphanie Guinehut Mathieu Belbéoch Mark Ignaszewski Molly O'Neil Baringer Claudia Schmid John M. Lyman John M. Lyman Kristene E. McTaggart Sarah G. Purkey Nathalie Zilberman Matthew B. Alkire Dana Swift W. Brechner Owens Steven R. Jayne Cora Hersh Pelle Robbins Deb West-Mack Frank Bahr Sachiko Yoshida Philip J. H. Sutton Romain Cancouët Christine Coatanoan Delphine Dobbler Andrea Garcia Juan Jerôme Gourrion Nicolas Kolodziejczyk Vincent Bernard Bernard Bourlès Hervé Claustre Fabrizio D'Ortenzio Serge Le Reste Pierre-Yve Le Traon Jean-Philippe Rannou Carole Saout-Grit Sabrina Speich Virginie Thierry Nathalie Verbrugge Ingrid M. Angel-Benavides Birgit Klein Giulio Notarstefano Pierre-Marie Poulain Pedro Vélez-Belchí Toshio Suga Kentaro Ando Naoto Iwasaska Taiyo Kobayashi Shuhei Masuda Eitarou Oka Kanako Sato Tomoaki Nakamura Katsunari Sato Yasushi Takatsuki Takashi Yoshida Rebecca Cowley Jenny L. Lovell Peter R. Oke Esmee M. van Wijk Esmee M. van Wijk Fiona Carse Matthew Donnelly W. John Gould Katie Gowers Brian A. King Stephen G. Loch Mary Mowat Jon Turton E. Pattabhi Rama Rao M. Ravichandran Howard J. Freeland Isabelle Gaboury Denis Gilbert Blair J. W. Greenan Mathieu Ouellet Tetjana Ross Anh Tran Mingmei Dong Zenghong Liu Jianping Xu KiRyong Kang HyeongJun Jo Sung-Dae Kim Hyuk-Min Park |
| author_sort |
Annie P. S. Wong |
| title |
Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats |
| title_short |
Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats |
| title_full |
Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats |
| title_fullStr |
Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats |
| title_sort |
argo data 1999–2019: two million temperature-salinity profiles and subsurface velocity observations from a global array of profiling floats |
| publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
| series |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
| issn |
2296-7745 |
| publishDate |
2020-09-01 |
| description |
In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed. |
| topic |
global ocean pressure temperature salinity Argo |
| url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2020.00700/full |
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doaj-e40aa1d8663c42b8a6e5c47e7f543fa72020-11-25T02:54:31ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452020-09-01710.3389/fmars.2020.00700568494Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling FloatsAnnie P. S. Wong0Susan E. Wijffels1Stephen C. Riser2Sylvie Pouliquen3Shigeki Hosoda4Dean Roemmich5John Gilson6Gregory C. Johnson7Kim Martini8David J. Murphy9Megan Scanderbeg10T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar11Justin J. H. Buck12Frederic Merceur13Thierry Carval14Guillaume Maze15Cécile Cabanes16Xavier André17Noé Poffa18Igor Yashayaev19Paul M. Barker20Stéphanie Guinehut21Mathieu Belbéoch22Mark Ignaszewski23Molly O'Neil Baringer24Claudia Schmid25John M. Lyman26John M. Lyman27Kristene E. McTaggart28Sarah G. Purkey29Nathalie Zilberman30Matthew B. Alkire31Dana Swift32W. Brechner Owens33Steven R. Jayne34Cora Hersh35Pelle Robbins36Deb West-Mack37Frank Bahr38Sachiko Yoshida39Philip J. H. Sutton40Romain Cancouët41Christine Coatanoan42Delphine Dobbler43Andrea Garcia Juan44Jerôme Gourrion45Nicolas Kolodziejczyk46Vincent Bernard47Bernard Bourlès48Hervé Claustre49Fabrizio D'Ortenzio50Serge Le Reste51Pierre-Yve Le Traon52Jean-Philippe Rannou53Carole Saout-Grit54Sabrina Speich55Virginie Thierry56Nathalie Verbrugge57Ingrid M. Angel-Benavides58Birgit Klein59Giulio Notarstefano60Pierre-Marie Poulain61Pedro Vélez-Belchí62Toshio Suga63Kentaro Ando64Naoto Iwasaska65Taiyo Kobayashi66Shuhei Masuda67Eitarou Oka68Kanako Sato69Tomoaki Nakamura70Katsunari Sato71Yasushi Takatsuki72Takashi Yoshida73Rebecca Cowley74Jenny L. Lovell75Peter R. Oke76Esmee M. van Wijk77Esmee M. van Wijk78Fiona Carse79Matthew Donnelly80W. John Gould81Katie Gowers82Brian A. King83Stephen G. Loch84Mary Mowat85Jon Turton86E. Pattabhi Rama Rao87M. Ravichandran88Howard J. Freeland89Isabelle Gaboury90Denis Gilbert91Blair J. W. Greenan92Mathieu Ouellet93Tetjana Ross94Anh Tran95Mingmei Dong96Zenghong Liu97Jianping Xu98KiRyong Kang99HyeongJun Jo100Sung-Dae Kim101Hyuk-Min Park102School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United StatesWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United StatesSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United StatesIfremer, IRSI, Plouzané, FranceJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, JapanScripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United StatesScripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United StatesNOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United StatesSea-Bird Scientific, Bellevue, WA, United StatesSea-Bird Scientific, Bellevue, WA, United StatesScripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United StatesIndian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, IndiaBritish Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United KingdomIfremer, IRSI, Plouzané, FranceIfremer, IRSI, Plouzané, France0University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LOPS, Plouzané, France0University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LOPS, Plouzané, France1Ifremer, RDT-SIIM, Plouzané, FranceIfremer, IRSI, Plouzané, France2Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada3School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia4Collecte Localisation Satellites, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France5JCOMMOPS, Plouzané, France6Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center, Monterey, CA, United States7NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States7NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United StatesNOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States8JIMAR, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United StatesNOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United StatesScripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United StatesScripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United StatesSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United StatesSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United StatesWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United StatesWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United StatesWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United StatesWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United StatesWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United StatesWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United StatesWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United States9National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand0Euro-Argo ERIC, Plouzané, FranceIfremer, IRSI, Plouzané, FranceIfremer, IRSI, Plouzané, France0Euro-Argo ERIC, Plouzané, France1OceanScope, Plouzané, France0University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LOPS, Plouzané, FranceIfremer, IRSI, Plouzané, France2IRD, IMAGO, Technopole Pointe du Diable, Plouzané, France3LOV, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France3LOV, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France1Ifremer, RDT-SIIM, Plouzané, France4Mercator-Océan International, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France5ALTRAN Ouest, Technopole Brest Iroise, Site du Vernis, Brest, France6Glazeo, Nantes, France7LMD-IPSL, Département de Géosciences, ENS, PSL Research University, Paris, France0University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LOPS, Plouzané, France4Collecte Localisation Satellites, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France8Bundesamt fuer Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg, Germany8Bundesamt fuer Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg, Germany9National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, Sgonico, Italy9National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, Sgonico, Italy0Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Canary Islands, Spain1Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, JapanJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan2Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, JapanJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, JapanJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan3The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan4Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan4Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan4Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan4Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan5Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, TAS, Australia5Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, TAS, Australia5Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, TAS, Australia5Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, TAS, Australia6Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia7Met Office, Exeter, United KingdomBritish Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom8National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United KingdomBritish Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom8National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United KingdomBritish Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom9British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom7Met Office, Exeter, United KingdomIndian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, India0National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India1Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada2Marine Environmental Data Services, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada3Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC, Canada2Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada2Marine Environmental Data Services, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada1Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada2Marine Environmental Data Services, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada4National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin, China5State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China5State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China6National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, South Korea6National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, South Korea7Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, South Korea7Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, South KoreaIn the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2020.00700/fullglobaloceanpressuretemperaturesalinityArgo |