The Biotin–Avidin Interaction in Biotinylated Gold Nanoparticles and the Modulation of Their Aggregation

The biotin–avidin interaction is used as a binding tool for the conjugation of biomolecules for more diverse applications; these include nanoparticle conjugation. Despite this, a thorough investigation on the different aggregates that may result from the interaction of biotinylated nanoparticles (go...

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Main Authors: Yanchao Lyu, Álvaro Martínez, Federica D’Incà, Fabrizio Mancin, Paolo Scrimin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-06-01
Series:Nanomaterials
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/6/1559
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spelling doaj-e43f4c00c7ac4f6d9d591af6a67de1002021-07-01T00:06:44ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-06-01111559155910.3390/nano11061559The Biotin–Avidin Interaction in Biotinylated Gold Nanoparticles and the Modulation of Their AggregationYanchao Lyu0Álvaro Martínez1Federica D’Incà2Fabrizio Mancin3Paolo Scrimin4Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, ItalyThe biotin–avidin interaction is used as a binding tool for the conjugation of biomolecules for more diverse applications; these include nanoparticle conjugation. Despite this, a thorough investigation on the different aggregates that may result from the interaction of biotinylated nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles, AuNPs, in this work) with avidin has not been carried out so far. In this paper, we address this problem and show the type of aggregates formed under thermodynamic and kinetic control by varying the biotinylated AuNP/avidin ratio and the order of addition of the two partners. The analysis was performed by also addressing the amount of protein able to interact with the AuNPs surface and is fully supported by the TEM images collected for the different samples and the shift of the surface plasmon resonance band. We show that the percentage of saturation depends on the size of the nanoparticles, and larger nanoparticles (19 nm in diameter) manage to accommodate a relatively larger amount of avidins than smaller ones (11 nm). The AuNPs are isolated or form small clusters (mostly dimers or trimers) when a large excess or a very low amount of avidin is present, respectively, or form large clusters at stoichiometric concentration of the protein. Daisy-like systems are formed under kinetic control conditions when nanoparticles first covered with the protein are treated with a second batch of biotinylated ones but devoid of avidin.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/6/1559gold nanoparticlesavidinbiotincontrolled assembly
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Yanchao Lyu
Álvaro Martínez
Federica D’Incà
Fabrizio Mancin
Paolo Scrimin
spellingShingle Yanchao Lyu
Álvaro Martínez
Federica D’Incà
Fabrizio Mancin
Paolo Scrimin
The Biotin–Avidin Interaction in Biotinylated Gold Nanoparticles and the Modulation of Their Aggregation
Nanomaterials
gold nanoparticles
avidin
biotin
controlled assembly
author_facet Yanchao Lyu
Álvaro Martínez
Federica D’Incà
Fabrizio Mancin
Paolo Scrimin
author_sort Yanchao Lyu
title The Biotin–Avidin Interaction in Biotinylated Gold Nanoparticles and the Modulation of Their Aggregation
title_short The Biotin–Avidin Interaction in Biotinylated Gold Nanoparticles and the Modulation of Their Aggregation
title_full The Biotin–Avidin Interaction in Biotinylated Gold Nanoparticles and the Modulation of Their Aggregation
title_fullStr The Biotin–Avidin Interaction in Biotinylated Gold Nanoparticles and the Modulation of Their Aggregation
title_full_unstemmed The Biotin–Avidin Interaction in Biotinylated Gold Nanoparticles and the Modulation of Their Aggregation
title_sort biotin–avidin interaction in biotinylated gold nanoparticles and the modulation of their aggregation
publisher MDPI AG
series Nanomaterials
issn 2079-4991
publishDate 2021-06-01
description The biotin–avidin interaction is used as a binding tool for the conjugation of biomolecules for more diverse applications; these include nanoparticle conjugation. Despite this, a thorough investigation on the different aggregates that may result from the interaction of biotinylated nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles, AuNPs, in this work) with avidin has not been carried out so far. In this paper, we address this problem and show the type of aggregates formed under thermodynamic and kinetic control by varying the biotinylated AuNP/avidin ratio and the order of addition of the two partners. The analysis was performed by also addressing the amount of protein able to interact with the AuNPs surface and is fully supported by the TEM images collected for the different samples and the shift of the surface plasmon resonance band. We show that the percentage of saturation depends on the size of the nanoparticles, and larger nanoparticles (19 nm in diameter) manage to accommodate a relatively larger amount of avidins than smaller ones (11 nm). The AuNPs are isolated or form small clusters (mostly dimers or trimers) when a large excess or a very low amount of avidin is present, respectively, or form large clusters at stoichiometric concentration of the protein. Daisy-like systems are formed under kinetic control conditions when nanoparticles first covered with the protein are treated with a second batch of biotinylated ones but devoid of avidin.
topic gold nanoparticles
avidin
biotin
controlled assembly
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/6/1559
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