Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
Bone tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field which is currently progressing toward clinical applications. Effective imaging methods for longitudinal studies are critical to evaluating the new bone formation and the fate of the scaffolds. Computed tomography (CT) is a prevailing technique emplo...
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doaj-e48feea6a878482bae84dcb9dc0e9f6f2020-11-24T23:56:45ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602019-02-0111236710.3390/polym11020367polym11020367Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering ApplicationsNehar Celikkin0Simone Mastrogiacomo1X. Frank Walboomers2Wojciech Swieszkowski3Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warszawa, PolandRadboud University Medical Center, Department of Biomaterials, Philips van Leijdenlaan 25, 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsRadboud University Medical Center, Department of Biomaterials, Philips van Leijdenlaan 25, 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warszawa, PolandBone tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field which is currently progressing toward clinical applications. Effective imaging methods for longitudinal studies are critical to evaluating the new bone formation and the fate of the scaffolds. Computed tomography (CT) is a prevailing technique employed to investigate hard tissue scaffolds; however, the CT signal becomes weak in mainly-water containing materials, which hinders the use of CT for hydrogels-based materials. Nevertheless, hydrogels such as gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) are widely used for tissue regeneration due to their optimal biological properties and their ability to induce extracellular matrix formation. To date, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been suggested as promising contrast agents, due to their high X-ray attenuation, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. In this study, the effects of different sizes and concentrations of AuNPs on the mechanical properties and the cytocompatibility of the bulk GelMA-AuNPs scaffolds were evaluated. Furthermore, the enhancement of CT contrast with the cytocompatible size and concentration of AuNPs were investigated. 3D printed GelMA and GelMA-AuNPs scaffolds were obtained and assessed for the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Lastly, 3D printed GelMA and GelMA-AuNPs scaffolds were scanned in a bone defect utilizing µCT as the proof of concept that the GelMA-AuNPs are good candidates for bone tissue engineering with enhanced visibility for µCT imaging.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/2/3673D printed gelatin methacrylate hydrogelsgold nanoparticlesµCT imagingcontrast agent for CT imaging |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Nehar Celikkin Simone Mastrogiacomo X. Frank Walboomers Wojciech Swieszkowski |
spellingShingle |
Nehar Celikkin Simone Mastrogiacomo X. Frank Walboomers Wojciech Swieszkowski Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications Polymers 3D printed gelatin methacrylate hydrogels gold nanoparticles µCT imaging contrast agent for CT imaging |
author_facet |
Nehar Celikkin Simone Mastrogiacomo X. Frank Walboomers Wojciech Swieszkowski |
author_sort |
Nehar Celikkin |
title |
Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications |
title_short |
Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications |
title_full |
Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications |
title_fullStr |
Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications |
title_full_unstemmed |
Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications |
title_sort |
enhancing x-ray attenuation of 3d printed gelatin methacrylate (gelma) hydrogels utilizing gold nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering applications |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Polymers |
issn |
2073-4360 |
publishDate |
2019-02-01 |
description |
Bone tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field which is currently progressing toward clinical applications. Effective imaging methods for longitudinal studies are critical to evaluating the new bone formation and the fate of the scaffolds. Computed tomography (CT) is a prevailing technique employed to investigate hard tissue scaffolds; however, the CT signal becomes weak in mainly-water containing materials, which hinders the use of CT for hydrogels-based materials. Nevertheless, hydrogels such as gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) are widely used for tissue regeneration due to their optimal biological properties and their ability to induce extracellular matrix formation. To date, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been suggested as promising contrast agents, due to their high X-ray attenuation, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. In this study, the effects of different sizes and concentrations of AuNPs on the mechanical properties and the cytocompatibility of the bulk GelMA-AuNPs scaffolds were evaluated. Furthermore, the enhancement of CT contrast with the cytocompatible size and concentration of AuNPs were investigated. 3D printed GelMA and GelMA-AuNPs scaffolds were obtained and assessed for the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Lastly, 3D printed GelMA and GelMA-AuNPs scaffolds were scanned in a bone defect utilizing µCT as the proof of concept that the GelMA-AuNPs are good candidates for bone tissue engineering with enhanced visibility for µCT imaging. |
topic |
3D printed gelatin methacrylate hydrogels gold nanoparticles µCT imaging contrast agent for CT imaging |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/2/367 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT neharcelikkin enhancingxrayattenuationof3dprintedgelatinmethacrylategelmahydrogelsutilizinggoldnanoparticlesforbonetissueengineeringapplications AT simonemastrogiacomo enhancingxrayattenuationof3dprintedgelatinmethacrylategelmahydrogelsutilizinggoldnanoparticlesforbonetissueengineeringapplications AT xfrankwalboomers enhancingxrayattenuationof3dprintedgelatinmethacrylategelmahydrogelsutilizinggoldnanoparticlesforbonetissueengineeringapplications AT wojciechswieszkowski enhancingxrayattenuationof3dprintedgelatinmethacrylategelmahydrogelsutilizinggoldnanoparticlesforbonetissueengineeringapplications |
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