Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort study
Summary: Background: Active travel is increasingly recognised as an important source of physical activity. We aimed to describe associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Methods: We analysed data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudin...
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Elsevier
2020-05-01
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Series: | The Lancet Planetary Health |
Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542519620300796 |
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English |
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DOAJ |
author |
Richard Patterson, PhD Jenna Panter, PhD Eszter P Vamos, PhD Steven Cummins, ProfPhD Christopher Millett, ProfPhD Anthony A Laverty, PhD |
spellingShingle |
Richard Patterson, PhD Jenna Panter, PhD Eszter P Vamos, PhD Steven Cummins, ProfPhD Christopher Millett, ProfPhD Anthony A Laverty, PhD Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort study The Lancet Planetary Health |
author_facet |
Richard Patterson, PhD Jenna Panter, PhD Eszter P Vamos, PhD Steven Cummins, ProfPhD Christopher Millett, ProfPhD Anthony A Laverty, PhD |
author_sort |
Richard Patterson, PhD |
title |
Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort study |
title_short |
Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort study |
title_full |
Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort study |
title_fullStr |
Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort study |
title_sort |
associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked census data over 25 years in england and wales: a cohort study |
publisher |
Elsevier |
series |
The Lancet Planetary Health |
issn |
2542-5196 |
publishDate |
2020-05-01 |
description |
Summary: Background: Active travel is increasingly recognised as an important source of physical activity. We aimed to describe associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Methods: We analysed data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study of England and Wales (ONS-LS), which linked data from the Census of England and Wales (henceforth referred to as the Census) for 1991, 2001, and 2011 to mortality and cancer registrations. The cohort included individuals traced in the ONS-LS who were economically active (ie, aged ≥16 years, not retired from work, and not a full-time carer). Commuting by private motorised transport, public transport, walking, and cycling were compared in terms of all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and cancer incidence, using Cox proportional-hazards models with time-varying covariates. Models were adjusted for age, sex, housing tenure, marital status, ethnicity, university education, car access, population density, socioeconomic classification, Carstairs index quintile, long-term illness, and year entered the study, and were additionally stratified by socioeconomic group. Findings: Between the 1991 Census and the 2011 Census, 784 677 individuals contributed data for at least one Census, of whom 394 746 were included in the ONS-LS and were considered to be economically active working-age individuals. 13 983 people died, 3172 from cardiovascular disease and 6509 from cancer, and there were 20 980 incident cancer cases. In adjusted models, compared with commuting by private motorised vehicle, bicycle commuting was associated with a 20% reduced rate of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0·80, 95% CI 0·73–0·89), a 24% decreased rate of cardiovascular disease mortality (0·76, 0·61–0·93), a 16% lower rate of cancer mortality (0·84, 0·73–0·98), and an 11% reduced rate of incident cancer (0·89, 0·82–0·97). Compared with commuting by private motorised vehicle, rail commuters had a 10% lower rate of all-cause mortality (HR 0·90, 95% CI 0·83–0·97) and a 21% decreased rate of cardiovascular disease mortality (0·79, 0·67–0·94), in addition to a 12% reduced rate of incident cancer (0·88, 0·83–0·94). Walk commuting was associated with 7% lower cancer incidence (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·89–0·97) Stratified analyses did not indicate differences in associations between socioeconomic groups. Interpretation: Our findings augment existing evidence for the beneficial health effects of physically active commute modes, particularly cycling and train use, and suggest that all socioeconomic groups could benefit. Funding: National Institute for Health Research. |
url |
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542519620300796 |
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doaj-e4bfc50ca74c4bd0b57154a1a762820d2020-11-25T03:10:35ZengElsevierThe Lancet Planetary Health2542-51962020-05-0145e186e194Associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality, and cancer incidence, using linked Census data over 25 years in England and Wales: a cohort studyRichard Patterson, PhD0Jenna Panter, PhD1Eszter P Vamos, PhD2Steven Cummins, ProfPhD3Christopher Millett, ProfPhD4Anthony A Laverty, PhD5Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, and UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Correspondence to: Dr Richard Patterson, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit and UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKMedical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, and UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKPublic Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UKPopulation Health Innovation Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKPublic Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UKPublic Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UKSummary: Background: Active travel is increasingly recognised as an important source of physical activity. We aimed to describe associations between commute mode and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Methods: We analysed data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study of England and Wales (ONS-LS), which linked data from the Census of England and Wales (henceforth referred to as the Census) for 1991, 2001, and 2011 to mortality and cancer registrations. The cohort included individuals traced in the ONS-LS who were economically active (ie, aged ≥16 years, not retired from work, and not a full-time carer). Commuting by private motorised transport, public transport, walking, and cycling were compared in terms of all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and cancer incidence, using Cox proportional-hazards models with time-varying covariates. Models were adjusted for age, sex, housing tenure, marital status, ethnicity, university education, car access, population density, socioeconomic classification, Carstairs index quintile, long-term illness, and year entered the study, and were additionally stratified by socioeconomic group. Findings: Between the 1991 Census and the 2011 Census, 784 677 individuals contributed data for at least one Census, of whom 394 746 were included in the ONS-LS and were considered to be economically active working-age individuals. 13 983 people died, 3172 from cardiovascular disease and 6509 from cancer, and there were 20 980 incident cancer cases. In adjusted models, compared with commuting by private motorised vehicle, bicycle commuting was associated with a 20% reduced rate of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0·80, 95% CI 0·73–0·89), a 24% decreased rate of cardiovascular disease mortality (0·76, 0·61–0·93), a 16% lower rate of cancer mortality (0·84, 0·73–0·98), and an 11% reduced rate of incident cancer (0·89, 0·82–0·97). Compared with commuting by private motorised vehicle, rail commuters had a 10% lower rate of all-cause mortality (HR 0·90, 95% CI 0·83–0·97) and a 21% decreased rate of cardiovascular disease mortality (0·79, 0·67–0·94), in addition to a 12% reduced rate of incident cancer (0·88, 0·83–0·94). Walk commuting was associated with 7% lower cancer incidence (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·89–0·97) Stratified analyses did not indicate differences in associations between socioeconomic groups. Interpretation: Our findings augment existing evidence for the beneficial health effects of physically active commute modes, particularly cycling and train use, and suggest that all socioeconomic groups could benefit. Funding: National Institute for Health Research.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542519620300796 |