Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine of African Children from OwerriMetropolis, Eastern Nigeria
Childhood illnesses have been linked to elevated heavy metals in children’s bodies. Such studies are lacking in developing countries despite the fact that African children could be most exposed to heavy metals. This study determines the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine of children i...
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Islamic Azad University
2019-03-01
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doaj-e7228ebe2b4243b1ae584292a5184e832020-11-25T01:01:34ZengIslamic Azad UniversityJournal of Chemical Health Risks2251-67192251-67272019-03-0191112610.22034/jchr.2019.664161664161Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine of African Children from OwerriMetropolis, Eastern NigeriaAndrew Verla Wirnkor0Verla Ngozi1Ajero Medo2Lele Chioma3Ugochukwu Ngozi4Enyoh Christian5Group Research in Analytical Chemistry, Environment and Climate Change (GRACE&CC), Department of Chemistry, Imo State University (IMSU), PMB 2000 Owerri, Imo State, NigeriaDepartment of Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Technology Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State NigeriaDepartment of Animal and Environmental Biology, Imo State University (IMSU), PMB 2000 Owerri, Imo State, NigeriaDepartment of Biochemistry, IMSU, Owerri, Imo State, NigeriaDepartment of Nursing Science, IMSU Nursing and Health Science, Orlu, Imo State, NigeriaGroup Research in Analytical Chemistry, Environment and Climate Change (GRACE&CC), Department of Chemistry, Imo State University (IMSU), PMB 2000 Owerri, Imo State, NigeriaChildhood illnesses have been linked to elevated heavy metals in children’s bodies. Such studies are lacking in developing countries despite the fact that African children could be most exposed to heavy metals. This study determines the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine of children in selected schools within Owerri metropolis. Consent and due process were followed to obtain blood and urine samples from 60 children. Samples were digested with nitric and hydrochloric acids for 6 hours at 90<sup>o</sup> C and analyzed using Perkin Elmer 400 A analyst atomic absorption spectrometer. Mean concentrations in blood was Pb (4.517±1.599 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Cd (1.04±0.671 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Ni (5.612±1.237 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Mn (7.198±4.705 mgl<sup>-1</sup>) and Cr (0.288 ±0.412 mgl<sup>-1</sup>). In urine; Pb (1.912±1.219 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Cd (0.39±0.138 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Ni (3.988±1.230 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Mn (3.099±0.990 mgl<sup>-1</sup>) and Cr (20.773 ±10.449 mgl<sup>-1</sup>) were generally lower than concentrations in blood. Maximum metals concentrations in blood were higher than values for USA Academy of pediatrics. Except at WBP, Cr was highest concentrations within each school. Order of prevalence (%) was Pb> Ni > Cr >Mn> Cd in blood and Cd >Mn>Pb> Ni > Cr in urine. Variability revealed moderate to high with Cr (143%) as highest for blood while Pb (63.76%) was highest in urine. There was low relationship between metal in blood and urine as R<sup>2</sup> values ranged between manganese (0.006) to nickel (0.216). The prominent trend of metal was Mn - Cr as highest and lowest concentrations respectively. Metal diagnostic ratios revealed very undesirable values for Cd (4.05) and Mn (3.545) in blood. Currently no standards for metals in blood and urine for African children, metal concentrations in the present study were elevated. Government agencies and policy makers need to act in time to reduce the potential danger in the near future.http://www.jchr.org/article_664161_a5141ad2ef4563ffbf423ee112ac0737.pdfBiomarkerCarcinogenicConcentrationEnvironmentDiagnostic ratiosToxicityTrend |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Andrew Verla Wirnkor Verla Ngozi Ajero Medo Lele Chioma Ugochukwu Ngozi Enyoh Christian |
spellingShingle |
Andrew Verla Wirnkor Verla Ngozi Ajero Medo Lele Chioma Ugochukwu Ngozi Enyoh Christian Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine of African Children from OwerriMetropolis, Eastern Nigeria Journal of Chemical Health Risks Biomarker Carcinogenic Concentration Environment Diagnostic ratios Toxicity Trend |
author_facet |
Andrew Verla Wirnkor Verla Ngozi Ajero Medo Lele Chioma Ugochukwu Ngozi Enyoh Christian |
author_sort |
Andrew Verla Wirnkor |
title |
Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine of African Children from OwerriMetropolis, Eastern Nigeria |
title_short |
Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine of African Children from OwerriMetropolis, Eastern Nigeria |
title_full |
Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine of African Children from OwerriMetropolis, Eastern Nigeria |
title_fullStr |
Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine of African Children from OwerriMetropolis, Eastern Nigeria |
title_full_unstemmed |
Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine of African Children from OwerriMetropolis, Eastern Nigeria |
title_sort |
biomonitoring of heavy metals in blood and urine of african children from owerrimetropolis, eastern nigeria |
publisher |
Islamic Azad University |
series |
Journal of Chemical Health Risks |
issn |
2251-6719 2251-6727 |
publishDate |
2019-03-01 |
description |
Childhood illnesses have been linked to elevated heavy metals in children’s bodies. Such studies are lacking in developing countries despite the fact that African children could be most exposed to heavy metals. This study determines the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine of children in selected schools within Owerri metropolis. Consent and due process were followed to obtain blood and urine samples from 60 children. Samples were digested with nitric and hydrochloric acids for 6 hours at 90<sup>o</sup> C and analyzed using Perkin Elmer 400 A analyst atomic absorption spectrometer. Mean concentrations in blood was Pb (4.517±1.599 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Cd (1.04±0.671 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Ni (5.612±1.237 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Mn (7.198±4.705 mgl<sup>-1</sup>) and Cr (0.288 ±0.412 mgl<sup>-1</sup>). In urine; Pb (1.912±1.219 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Cd (0.39±0.138 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Ni (3.988±1.230 mgl<sup>-1</sup>); Mn (3.099±0.990 mgl<sup>-1</sup>) and Cr (20.773 ±10.449 mgl<sup>-1</sup>) were generally lower than concentrations in blood. Maximum metals concentrations in blood were higher than values for USA Academy of pediatrics. Except at WBP, Cr was highest concentrations within each school. Order of prevalence (%) was Pb> Ni > Cr >Mn> Cd in blood and Cd >Mn>Pb> Ni > Cr in urine. Variability revealed moderate to high with Cr (143%) as highest for blood while Pb (63.76%) was highest in urine. There was low relationship between metal in blood and urine as R<sup>2</sup> values ranged between manganese (0.006) to nickel (0.216). The prominent trend of metal was Mn - Cr as highest and lowest concentrations respectively. Metal diagnostic ratios revealed very undesirable values for Cd (4.05) and Mn (3.545) in blood. Currently no standards for metals in blood and urine for African children, metal concentrations in the present study were elevated. Government agencies and policy makers need to act in time to reduce the potential danger in the near future. |
topic |
Biomarker Carcinogenic Concentration Environment Diagnostic ratios Toxicity Trend |
url |
http://www.jchr.org/article_664161_a5141ad2ef4563ffbf423ee112ac0737.pdf |
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