Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone Metabolism
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to long-term cognitive, behavioral, affective deficits, and increase neurodegenerative diseases. It is only in recent years that there is growing awareness that TBI even in its milder form poses long-term health consequences to not only the brain but to other organ...
Main Authors: | , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-03-01
|
Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.00115/full |
id |
doaj-ea41693e7a52458c8833ab02e2c75cec |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-ea41693e7a52458c8833ab02e2c75cec2020-11-24T23:02:52ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952018-03-01910.3389/fneur.2018.00115338930Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone MetabolismNikita M. Bajwa0Chandrasekhar Kesavan1Chandrasekhar Kesavan2Subburaman Mohan3Subburaman Mohan4Subburaman Mohan5Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, United StatesMusculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United StatesMusculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United StatesDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United StatesTraumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to long-term cognitive, behavioral, affective deficits, and increase neurodegenerative diseases. It is only in recent years that there is growing awareness that TBI even in its milder form poses long-term health consequences to not only the brain but to other organ systems. Also, the concept that hormonal signals and neural circuits that originate in the hypothalamus play key roles in regulating skeletal system is gaining recognition based on recent mouse genetic studies. Accordingly, many TBI patients have also presented with hormonal dysfunction, increased skeletal fragility, and increased risk of skeletal diseases. Research from animal models suggests that TBI may exacerbate the activation and inactivation of molecular pathways leading to changes in both osteogenesis and bone destruction. TBI has also been found to induce the formation of heterotopic ossification and increased callus formation at sites of muscle or fracture injury through increased vascularization and activation of systemic factors. Recent studies also suggest that the disruption of endocrine factors and neuropeptides caused by TBI may induce adverse skeletal effects. This review will discuss the long-term consequences of TBI on the skeletal system and TBI-induced signaling pathways that contribute to the formation of ectopic bone, altered fracture healing, and reduced bone mass.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.00115/fullosteoporosisgrowth hormonebone formationbone resorptionheterotopic ossificationfracture repair |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Nikita M. Bajwa Chandrasekhar Kesavan Chandrasekhar Kesavan Subburaman Mohan Subburaman Mohan Subburaman Mohan |
spellingShingle |
Nikita M. Bajwa Chandrasekhar Kesavan Chandrasekhar Kesavan Subburaman Mohan Subburaman Mohan Subburaman Mohan Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone Metabolism Frontiers in Neurology osteoporosis growth hormone bone formation bone resorption heterotopic ossification fracture repair |
author_facet |
Nikita M. Bajwa Chandrasekhar Kesavan Chandrasekhar Kesavan Subburaman Mohan Subburaman Mohan Subburaman Mohan |
author_sort |
Nikita M. Bajwa |
title |
Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone Metabolism |
title_short |
Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone Metabolism |
title_full |
Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone Metabolism |
title_fullStr |
Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone Metabolism |
title_full_unstemmed |
Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone Metabolism |
title_sort |
long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury in bone metabolism |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Neurology |
issn |
1664-2295 |
publishDate |
2018-03-01 |
description |
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to long-term cognitive, behavioral, affective deficits, and increase neurodegenerative diseases. It is only in recent years that there is growing awareness that TBI even in its milder form poses long-term health consequences to not only the brain but to other organ systems. Also, the concept that hormonal signals and neural circuits that originate in the hypothalamus play key roles in regulating skeletal system is gaining recognition based on recent mouse genetic studies. Accordingly, many TBI patients have also presented with hormonal dysfunction, increased skeletal fragility, and increased risk of skeletal diseases. Research from animal models suggests that TBI may exacerbate the activation and inactivation of molecular pathways leading to changes in both osteogenesis and bone destruction. TBI has also been found to induce the formation of heterotopic ossification and increased callus formation at sites of muscle or fracture injury through increased vascularization and activation of systemic factors. Recent studies also suggest that the disruption of endocrine factors and neuropeptides caused by TBI may induce adverse skeletal effects. This review will discuss the long-term consequences of TBI on the skeletal system and TBI-induced signaling pathways that contribute to the formation of ectopic bone, altered fracture healing, and reduced bone mass. |
topic |
osteoporosis growth hormone bone formation bone resorption heterotopic ossification fracture repair |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.00115/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT nikitambajwa longtermconsequencesoftraumaticbraininjuryinbonemetabolism AT chandrasekharkesavan longtermconsequencesoftraumaticbraininjuryinbonemetabolism AT chandrasekharkesavan longtermconsequencesoftraumaticbraininjuryinbonemetabolism AT subburamanmohan longtermconsequencesoftraumaticbraininjuryinbonemetabolism AT subburamanmohan longtermconsequencesoftraumaticbraininjuryinbonemetabolism AT subburamanmohan longtermconsequencesoftraumaticbraininjuryinbonemetabolism |
_version_ |
1725634811309064192 |