An Endogenous Retrovirus from Human Hookworm Encodes an Ancient Phlebovirus-Like Class II Envelope Fusion Protein
Within the parasitic nematode <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>, a ~20 million-year-old Bel/Pao LTR retrotransposon encodes an ancient viral class II envelope fusion protein termed Atlas Gc. Typically, retroviruses and related degenerate retrotransposons encode a hemagglutinin-like class I e...
Main Authors: | , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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Series: | Proceedings |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/50/1/33 |
Summary: | Within the parasitic nematode <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i>, a ~20 million-year-old Bel/Pao LTR retrotransposon encodes an ancient viral class II envelope fusion protein termed Atlas Gc. Typically, retroviruses and related degenerate retrotransposons encode a hemagglutinin-like class I envelope fusion protein. A subset of Bel/Pao LTR retrotransposons within the phylum <i>Nematoda</i> have acquired a phlebovirus-like envelope gene and utilized the encoded fusion machinery to escape the genome as intact exogenous retroviruses. This includes <i>C. elegans</i> retroelement 7 virus which was recently reclassified as a member of the genus <i>Semotivirus</i>. A 3.76 Å cryoEM reconstruction confirms Atlas Gc as a closely related phleboviral homologue and class II fusion protein in a novel case of gene exaptation. Preliminary biophysical and biochemical characterization indicate Atlas Gc functions under specific physiological conditions targeting late-endosomal membranes, much like modern viral class II envelope fusion proteins. Phylogenetic analyses support the reclassification of the Atlas endogenous retrovirus and five other <i>A. ceylanicum</i> ERVs as novel semotiviruses of <i>Belpaoviridae</i> of the new viral order of reverse-transcribing viruses <i>Ortervirales</i>. |
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ISSN: | 2504-3900 |