Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendors
Objectives: As microorganisms are developing resistance to therapies, the search for potent antimicrobial compounds continues. The potential of detecting new compound(s) with antimicrobial activities from extracts of Artemisia afra, a South African plant frequently used for the treatment of diseases...
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doaj-ecfed7d1f5424da7bee2277361e390512021-05-28T05:00:12ZengElsevierJournal of King Saud University: Science1018-36472021-06-01334101422Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendorsM.C. Motshudi0O.O. Olaokun1N.M. Mkolo2Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, Pretoria, South AfricaCorresponding author.; Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, Pretoria, South AfricaDepartment of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, Pretoria, South AfricaObjectives: As microorganisms are developing resistance to therapies, the search for potent antimicrobial compounds continues. The potential of detecting new compound(s) with antimicrobial activities from extracts of Artemisia afra, a South African plant frequently used for the treatment of diseases and widely traded in the market was explored. A. afra was purchased from three vendors. Methods: The dried leaf powder extracted separately with butanol, chloroform, and water were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity using standard methods, and characterized for antimicrobial compounds using untargeted metabolomics. Results and Conclusion: All the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Butanol extract of vendor B sample was the most active against P. aeruginosa while the antibacterial activity of water extract of vendor A against S. aureus, E. coli, and E. faecalis was similar to butanol extract of vendor B. All other extracts were less cytotoxic than the chloroform extract of vendor B (LC50 value = 414.56 ± 4.81 µg/mL). GC × GC-TOF-MS detected 436 compounds, 280 identifications were confirmed with 34 having known antimicrobial properties. The concentrations of compounds varied among the vendors’ samples with the highest in all samples and particularly in samples from vendor C (14.85 µg/mg) being Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one 1,7,7-trimethyl-(1S)-, an antimicrobial compound. While two compounds were undetectable in vendor A sample, four were undetected in vendor C sample and eleven compounds in vendor B sample. The antibacterial activity of extracts could not be related to the metabolites variations and concentration. The A. afra species purchased from vendors from the traditional medicinal market showed antibacterial potential. To our knowledge, this was the first study to report the metabolomics of A. afra in respect to antimicrobial activities.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364721000835Artemisia afraCytotoxicityGC×GC-TOF-MSUntargeted metabolomicsAntimicrobial compounds |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
M.C. Motshudi O.O. Olaokun N.M. Mkolo |
spellingShingle |
M.C. Motshudi O.O. Olaokun N.M. Mkolo Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendors Journal of King Saud University: Science Artemisia afra Cytotoxicity GC×GC-TOF-MS Untargeted metabolomics Antimicrobial compounds |
author_facet |
M.C. Motshudi O.O. Olaokun N.M. Mkolo |
author_sort |
M.C. Motshudi |
title |
Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendors |
title_short |
Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendors |
title_full |
Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendors |
title_fullStr |
Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendors |
title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendors |
title_sort |
evaluation of gc × gc-tof-ms untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of artemisia afra (jacq.) purchased from three local vendors |
publisher |
Elsevier |
series |
Journal of King Saud University: Science |
issn |
1018-3647 |
publishDate |
2021-06-01 |
description |
Objectives: As microorganisms are developing resistance to therapies, the search for potent antimicrobial compounds continues. The potential of detecting new compound(s) with antimicrobial activities from extracts of Artemisia afra, a South African plant frequently used for the treatment of diseases and widely traded in the market was explored. A. afra was purchased from three vendors. Methods: The dried leaf powder extracted separately with butanol, chloroform, and water were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity using standard methods, and characterized for antimicrobial compounds using untargeted metabolomics. Results and Conclusion: All the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Butanol extract of vendor B sample was the most active against P. aeruginosa while the antibacterial activity of water extract of vendor A against S. aureus, E. coli, and E. faecalis was similar to butanol extract of vendor B. All other extracts were less cytotoxic than the chloroform extract of vendor B (LC50 value = 414.56 ± 4.81 µg/mL). GC × GC-TOF-MS detected 436 compounds, 280 identifications were confirmed with 34 having known antimicrobial properties. The concentrations of compounds varied among the vendors’ samples with the highest in all samples and particularly in samples from vendor C (14.85 µg/mg) being Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one 1,7,7-trimethyl-(1S)-, an antimicrobial compound. While two compounds were undetectable in vendor A sample, four were undetected in vendor C sample and eleven compounds in vendor B sample. The antibacterial activity of extracts could not be related to the metabolites variations and concentration. The A. afra species purchased from vendors from the traditional medicinal market showed antibacterial potential. To our knowledge, this was the first study to report the metabolomics of A. afra in respect to antimicrobial activities. |
topic |
Artemisia afra Cytotoxicity GC×GC-TOF-MS Untargeted metabolomics Antimicrobial compounds |
url |
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364721000835 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT mcmotshudi evaluationofgcgctofmsuntargetedmetabolomicscytotoxicityandantimicrobialactivityofleafextractsofartemisiaafrajacqpurchasedfromthreelocalvendors AT ooolaokun evaluationofgcgctofmsuntargetedmetabolomicscytotoxicityandantimicrobialactivityofleafextractsofartemisiaafrajacqpurchasedfromthreelocalvendors AT nmmkolo evaluationofgcgctofmsuntargetedmetabolomicscytotoxicityandantimicrobialactivityofleafextractsofartemisiaafrajacqpurchasedfromthreelocalvendors |
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