Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their Food
(<i>E</i>)-β-Ocimene was the only volatile chemical found to be emitted by whole, live worker larvae of <i>Apis mellifera</i> L. when sampling in the vapor phase. In addition to (<i>E</i>)-β-ocimene, there is evidence for the existence of other v...
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doaj-ed9f872db6f24ba1ae3f65519b7a012a2020-11-25T02:07:04ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502019-04-0110411810.3390/insects10040118insects10040118Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their FoodHaohao Zhang0Chunsheng Hou1Pingli Dai2Yongjun Liu3Yanyan Wu4Yonggang Pang5Qingyun Diao6Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaBeijing Blooming Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100079, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China(<i>E</i>)-β-Ocimene was the only volatile chemical found to be emitted by whole, live worker larvae of <i>Apis mellifera</i> L. when sampling in the vapor phase. In addition to (<i>E</i>)-β-ocimene, there is evidence for the existence of other volatiles, but the changes in their composition and contents remain unknown during larval development, as are their differences from larvae to larval food. We investigated volatile components of worker larvae and larval food using solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nine compounds were identified with certainty and six tentatively, including terpenoids, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, an ester and a ketone. The contents of volatiles in the second-instar worker larvae differ greatly from those in larvae of other stages. This is mainly attributable to terpenoids, which resulted in the second-instar worker larvae having significantly higher amounts of overall volatiles. Larval food contained significantly higher amounts of aldehydes and hydrocarbons than the corresponding larvae from the fourth to fifth-instar. We discovered volatiles in worker larvae and their food that were never reported before; we also determined the content changes of these volatiles during larval development.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/4/118<i>Apis mellifera</i>GC-MSlarvaterpenoidsvolatiles |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Haohao Zhang Chunsheng Hou Pingli Dai Yongjun Liu Yanyan Wu Yonggang Pang Qingyun Diao |
spellingShingle |
Haohao Zhang Chunsheng Hou Pingli Dai Yongjun Liu Yanyan Wu Yonggang Pang Qingyun Diao Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their Food Insects <i>Apis mellifera</i> GC-MS larva terpenoids volatiles |
author_facet |
Haohao Zhang Chunsheng Hou Pingli Dai Yongjun Liu Yanyan Wu Yonggang Pang Qingyun Diao |
author_sort |
Haohao Zhang |
title |
Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their Food |
title_short |
Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their Food |
title_full |
Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their Food |
title_fullStr |
Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their Food |
title_full_unstemmed |
Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their Food |
title_sort |
volatiles from different instars of honeybee worker larvae and their food |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Insects |
issn |
2075-4450 |
publishDate |
2019-04-01 |
description |
(<i>E</i>)-β-Ocimene was the only volatile chemical found to be emitted by whole, live worker larvae of <i>Apis mellifera</i> L. when sampling in the vapor phase. In addition to (<i>E</i>)-β-ocimene, there is evidence for the existence of other volatiles, but the changes in their composition and contents remain unknown during larval development, as are their differences from larvae to larval food. We investigated volatile components of worker larvae and larval food using solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nine compounds were identified with certainty and six tentatively, including terpenoids, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, an ester and a ketone. The contents of volatiles in the second-instar worker larvae differ greatly from those in larvae of other stages. This is mainly attributable to terpenoids, which resulted in the second-instar worker larvae having significantly higher amounts of overall volatiles. Larval food contained significantly higher amounts of aldehydes and hydrocarbons than the corresponding larvae from the fourth to fifth-instar. We discovered volatiles in worker larvae and their food that were never reported before; we also determined the content changes of these volatiles during larval development. |
topic |
<i>Apis mellifera</i> GC-MS larva terpenoids volatiles |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/4/118 |
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