Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective

An alternative to the Carnot-Clausius approach for introducing entropy and the second law of thermodynamics is outlined that establishes entropy as a nonequilibrium property from the onset. Five simple observations lead to entropy for nonequilibrium and equilibrium states, and its balance. Thermodyn...

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Main Author:	Henning Struchtrup
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2020-07-01
Series:	Entropy
Subjects:	2nd law of thermodynamics entropy nonequilibrium entropy generation teaching thermodynamics
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/7/793

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spelling	doaj-ef4acad93be0432c85b931477c435d112020-11-25T02:49:16ZengMDPI AGEntropy1099-43002020-07-012279379310.3390/e22070793Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium PerspectiveHenning Struchtrup0Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, CanadaAn alternative to the Carnot-Clausius approach for introducing entropy and the second law of thermodynamics is outlined that establishes entropy as a nonequilibrium property from the onset. Five simple observations lead to entropy for nonequilibrium and equilibrium states, and its balance. Thermodynamic temperature is identified, its positivity follows from the stability of the rest state. It is shown that the equations of engineering thermodynamics are valid for the case of local thermodynamic equilibrium, with inhomogeneous states. The main findings are accompanied by examples and additional discussion to firmly imbed classical and engineering thermodynamics into nonequilibrium thermodynamics.https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/7/7932nd law of thermodynamicsentropynonequilibriumentropy generationteaching thermodynamics
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Henning Struchtrup
spellingShingle	Henning Struchtrup Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective Entropy 2nd law of thermodynamics entropy nonequilibrium entropy generation teaching thermodynamics
author_facet	Henning Struchtrup
author_sort	Henning Struchtrup
title	Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective
title_short	Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective
title_full	Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective
title_fullStr	Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective
title_full_unstemmed	Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective
title_sort	entropy and the second law of thermodynamics—the nonequilibrium perspective
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Entropy
issn	1099-4300
publishDate	2020-07-01
description	An alternative to the Carnot-Clausius approach for introducing entropy and the second law of thermodynamics is outlined that establishes entropy as a nonequilibrium property from the onset. Five simple observations lead to entropy for nonequilibrium and equilibrium states, and its balance. Thermodynamic temperature is identified, its positivity follows from the stability of the rest state. It is shown that the equations of engineering thermodynamics are valid for the case of local thermodynamic equilibrium, with inhomogeneous states. The main findings are accompanied by examples and additional discussion to firmly imbed classical and engineering thermodynamics into nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
topic	2nd law of thermodynamics entropy nonequilibrium entropy generation teaching thermodynamics
url	https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/7/793
work_keys_str_mv	AT henningstruchtrup entropyandthesecondlawofthermodynamicsthenonequilibriumperspective
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective

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