Soft System Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Loss of Resistance Detection during Epidural Procedures: In Silico and In Vivo Assessment

• Main Authors: Francesca De Tommasi, Daniela Lo Presti, Francesca Virgili, Carlo Massaroni, Emiliano Schena, Massimiliano Carassiti
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-08-01
• Series: Sensors
• Subjects: analgesia; epidural procedure; fiber Bragg grating sensor; instrumented syringe; loss of resistance; soft sensors
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5329

Epidural analgesia represents a clinical common practice aiming at pain mitigation. This loco-regional technique is widely used in several applications such as labor, surgery and lower back pain. It involves the injections of anesthetics or analgesics into the epidural space (ES). The ES detection is still demanding and is usually performed by the techniques named loss of resistance (LOR). In this study, we propose a novel soft system (SS) based on one fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBG) embedded in a soft polymeric matrix for LOR detection during the epidural puncture. The SS was designed to allow instrumenting the syringe’s plunger without relevant modifications of the anesthetist’s sensations during the procedure. After the metrological characterization of the SS, we assessed the capability of this solution in detecting LOR by carrying it out in silico and in clinical settings. For both trials, results revealed the capability of the proposed solutions in detecting the LOR and then in recording the force exerted on the plunger.