Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor in adults, with a dismal prognosis despite aggressive multi-modal therapy. Immunotherapy is currently being evaluated as an alternate treatment modality for recurrent GBMs in clinical trials. These immunotherapeutic approaches harness the patient’...
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doaj-f2393660773e47a6b1045cc6ffa060dd2021-04-08T23:06:09ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01223867386710.3390/ijms22083867Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in GlioblastomasSanjeev Chawla0Vanessa Shehu1Pradeep K. Gupta2Kavindra Nath3Harish Poptani4Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UKGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor in adults, with a dismal prognosis despite aggressive multi-modal therapy. Immunotherapy is currently being evaluated as an alternate treatment modality for recurrent GBMs in clinical trials. These immunotherapeutic approaches harness the patient’s immune response to fight and eliminate tumor cells. Standard MR imaging is not adequate for response assessment to immunotherapy in GBM patients even after using refined response assessment criteria secondary to amplified immune response. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of effective and alternative neuroimaging techniques for accurate response assessment. To this end, some groups have reported the potential of diffusion and perfusion MR imaging and amino acid-based positron emission tomography techniques in evaluating treatment response to different immunotherapeutic regimens in GBMs. The main goal of these techniques is to provide definitive metrics of treatment response at earlier time points for making informed decisions on future therapeutic interventions. This review provides an overview of available immunotherapeutic approaches used to treat GBMs. It discusses the limitations of conventional imaging and potential utilities of physiologic imaging techniques in the response assessment to immunotherapies. It also describes challenges associated with these imaging methods and potential solutions to avoid them.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/3867glioblastomaimmunotherapytreatment responsediffusion MR imagingperfusion MR imagingpositron emission tomography |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sanjeev Chawla Vanessa Shehu Pradeep K. Gupta Kavindra Nath Harish Poptani |
spellingShingle |
Sanjeev Chawla Vanessa Shehu Pradeep K. Gupta Kavindra Nath Harish Poptani Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas International Journal of Molecular Sciences glioblastoma immunotherapy treatment response diffusion MR imaging perfusion MR imaging positron emission tomography |
author_facet |
Sanjeev Chawla Vanessa Shehu Pradeep K. Gupta Kavindra Nath Harish Poptani |
author_sort |
Sanjeev Chawla |
title |
Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas |
title_short |
Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas |
title_full |
Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas |
title_fullStr |
Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas |
title_full_unstemmed |
Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas |
title_sort |
physiological imaging methods for evaluating response to immunotherapies in glioblastomas |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor in adults, with a dismal prognosis despite aggressive multi-modal therapy. Immunotherapy is currently being evaluated as an alternate treatment modality for recurrent GBMs in clinical trials. These immunotherapeutic approaches harness the patient’s immune response to fight and eliminate tumor cells. Standard MR imaging is not adequate for response assessment to immunotherapy in GBM patients even after using refined response assessment criteria secondary to amplified immune response. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of effective and alternative neuroimaging techniques for accurate response assessment. To this end, some groups have reported the potential of diffusion and perfusion MR imaging and amino acid-based positron emission tomography techniques in evaluating treatment response to different immunotherapeutic regimens in GBMs. The main goal of these techniques is to provide definitive metrics of treatment response at earlier time points for making informed decisions on future therapeutic interventions. This review provides an overview of available immunotherapeutic approaches used to treat GBMs. It discusses the limitations of conventional imaging and potential utilities of physiologic imaging techniques in the response assessment to immunotherapies. It also describes challenges associated with these imaging methods and potential solutions to avoid them. |
topic |
glioblastoma immunotherapy treatment response diffusion MR imaging perfusion MR imaging positron emission tomography |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/3867 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT sanjeevchawla physiologicalimagingmethodsforevaluatingresponsetoimmunotherapiesinglioblastomas AT vanessashehu physiologicalimagingmethodsforevaluatingresponsetoimmunotherapiesinglioblastomas AT pradeepkgupta physiologicalimagingmethodsforevaluatingresponsetoimmunotherapiesinglioblastomas AT kavindranath physiologicalimagingmethodsforevaluatingresponsetoimmunotherapiesinglioblastomas AT harishpoptani physiologicalimagingmethodsforevaluatingresponsetoimmunotherapiesinglioblastomas |
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1721533401569165312 |