Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia
<p>An understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) is fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality. The central Amazon Basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil...
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Copernicus Publications
2018-08-01
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Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
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record_format |
Article |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
S. S. de Sá B. B. Palm P. Campuzano-Jost D. A. Day W. Hu G. Isaacman-VanWertz G. Isaacman-VanWertz L. D. Yee J. Brito J. Brito S. Carbone S. Carbone I. O. Ribeiro G. G. Cirino G. G. Cirino Y. Liu Y. Liu R. Thalman R. Thalman A. Sedlacek A. Funk C. Schumacher J. E. Shilling J. Schneider P. Artaxo A. H. Goldstein R. A. F. Souza J. Wang K. A. McKinney K. A. McKinney H. Barbosa M. L. Alexander J. L. Jimenez S. T. Martin S. T. Martin |
spellingShingle |
S. S. de Sá B. B. Palm P. Campuzano-Jost D. A. Day W. Hu G. Isaacman-VanWertz G. Isaacman-VanWertz L. D. Yee J. Brito J. Brito S. Carbone S. Carbone I. O. Ribeiro G. G. Cirino G. G. Cirino Y. Liu Y. Liu R. Thalman R. Thalman A. Sedlacek A. Funk C. Schumacher J. E. Shilling J. Schneider P. Artaxo A. H. Goldstein R. A. F. Souza J. Wang K. A. McKinney K. A. McKinney H. Barbosa M. L. Alexander J. L. Jimenez S. T. Martin S. T. Martin Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
author_facet |
S. S. de Sá B. B. Palm P. Campuzano-Jost D. A. Day W. Hu G. Isaacman-VanWertz G. Isaacman-VanWertz L. D. Yee J. Brito J. Brito S. Carbone S. Carbone I. O. Ribeiro G. G. Cirino G. G. Cirino Y. Liu Y. Liu R. Thalman R. Thalman A. Sedlacek A. Funk C. Schumacher J. E. Shilling J. Schneider P. Artaxo A. H. Goldstein R. A. F. Souza J. Wang K. A. McKinney K. A. McKinney H. Barbosa M. L. Alexander J. L. Jimenez S. T. Martin S. T. Martin |
author_sort |
S. S. de Sá |
title |
Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia |
title_short |
Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia |
title_full |
Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia |
title_fullStr |
Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia |
title_sort |
urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central amazonia |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
series |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
issn |
1680-7316 1680-7324 |
publishDate |
2018-08-01 |
description |
<p>An understanding of how anthropogenic emissions
affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter
(PM) is fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities
on climate and air quality. The central Amazon Basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil,
has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing
urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of
submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are
reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution
time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other
gas- and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the <q>T3</q> research
site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic
components represented 79±7 % of the non-refractory
PM<sub>1</sub> mass concentration on average, which was in the same range as several upwind
sites. However, the organic PM<sub>1</sub> was considerably more oxidized at T3
compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was
applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site,
yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73±15 % of
total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary
anthropogenic emissions (27±15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM)
was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NO<sub><i>y</i></sub>,
ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were
identified and characterized by distinct air mass origins and particle
compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd-2, were associated with
background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM
production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent
material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with
out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented
the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of
Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the
PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM
concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of
submicron PM ranged from 25 % to 200 % under polluted compared with
background conditions, including contributions from both primary and
secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different
clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted
conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts.
Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM
production from HO<sub>2</sub>-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the
concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of
biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative
processing of preexisting atmospheric PM can be accelerated. This combined
set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air
quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over
tropical forests.</p> |
url |
https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/12185/2018/acp-18-12185-2018.pdf |
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doaj-f31841469dfc4fdb85b12edcd6c091a02020-11-25T02:30:52ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242018-08-0118121851220610.5194/acp-18-12185-2018Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central AmazoniaS. S. de Sá0B. B. Palm1P. Campuzano-Jost2D. A. Day3W. Hu4G. Isaacman-VanWertz5G. Isaacman-VanWertz6L. D. Yee7J. Brito8J. Brito9S. Carbone10S. Carbone11I. O. Ribeiro12G. G. Cirino13G. G. Cirino14Y. Liu15Y. Liu16R. Thalman17R. Thalman18A. Sedlacek19A. Funk20C. Schumacher21J. E. Shilling22J. Schneider23P. Artaxo24A. H. Goldstein25R. A. F. Souza26J. Wang27K. A. McKinney28K. A. McKinney29H. Barbosa30M. L. Alexander31J. L. Jimenez32S. T. Martin33S. T. Martin34School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USADepartment of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USADepartment of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USADepartment of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USADepartment of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USADepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USAnow at: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USADepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USAInstitute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazilnow at: Laboratory for Meteorological Physics (LaMP), University Blaise Pascal, Aubière, FranceInstitute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazilnow at: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, BrazilSchool of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Amazonas, BrazilNational Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazilnow at: Department of Meteorology, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém, BrazilSchool of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAnow at: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USABrookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USAnow at: Department of Chemistry, Snow College, Richfield, Utah, USABrookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USADepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USADepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USAAtmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USAParticle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyInstitute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USASchool of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Amazonas, BrazilBrookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USASchool of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAnow at: Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USAInstitute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilEnvironmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USADepartment of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USASchool of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USADepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA<p>An understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) is fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality. The central Amazon Basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil, has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other gas- and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the <q>T3</q> research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic components represented 79±7 % of the non-refractory PM<sub>1</sub> mass concentration on average, which was in the same range as several upwind sites. However, the organic PM<sub>1</sub> was considerably more oxidized at T3 compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site, yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73±15 % of total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary anthropogenic emissions (27±15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NO<sub><i>y</i></sub>, ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were identified and characterized by distinct air mass origins and particle compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd-2, were associated with background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of submicron PM ranged from 25 % to 200 % under polluted compared with background conditions, including contributions from both primary and secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts. Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM production from HO<sub>2</sub>-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative processing of preexisting atmospheric PM can be accelerated. This combined set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over tropical forests.</p>https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/12185/2018/acp-18-12185-2018.pdf |