Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events,...
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doaj-f43bbee496ef470c8c47ae69560cb4fd2020-11-25T02:44:51ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-10-01217533753310.3390/ijms21207533Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery MechanismsAnam Anjum0Muhammad Da’in Yazid1Muhammad Fauzi Daud2Jalilah Idris3Angela Min Hwei Ng4Amaramalar Selvi Naicker5Ohnmar Htwe@ Rashidah Ismail6Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar7Yogeswaran Lokanathan8Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaccob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaCentre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaccob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaInstitute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, Kajang 43000, MalaysiaInstitute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, Kajang 43000, MalaysiaCentre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaccob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaCentre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaccob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to overcome neurodegenerative events and reduce secondary neuronal damage. Efforts have also been devoted in developing neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative therapies that promote neuronal recovery and outcome. Although varying degrees of success have been achieved, curative accomplishment is still elusive probably due to the complex healing and protective mechanisms involved. Thus, current understanding in this area must be assessed to formulate appropriate treatment modalities to improve SCI recovery. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7533spinal cord injuryprimary injurysecondary injuryneurodegenerationneuroprotectionneuro-regeneration |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Anam Anjum Muhammad Da’in Yazid Muhammad Fauzi Daud Jalilah Idris Angela Min Hwei Ng Amaramalar Selvi Naicker Ohnmar Htwe@ Rashidah Ismail Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar Yogeswaran Lokanathan |
spellingShingle |
Anam Anjum Muhammad Da’in Yazid Muhammad Fauzi Daud Jalilah Idris Angela Min Hwei Ng Amaramalar Selvi Naicker Ohnmar Htwe@ Rashidah Ismail Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar Yogeswaran Lokanathan Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms International Journal of Molecular Sciences spinal cord injury primary injury secondary injury neurodegeneration neuroprotection neuro-regeneration |
author_facet |
Anam Anjum Muhammad Da’in Yazid Muhammad Fauzi Daud Jalilah Idris Angela Min Hwei Ng Amaramalar Selvi Naicker Ohnmar Htwe@ Rashidah Ismail Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar Yogeswaran Lokanathan |
author_sort |
Anam Anjum |
title |
Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms |
title_short |
Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms |
title_full |
Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms |
title_fullStr |
Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms |
title_full_unstemmed |
Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms |
title_sort |
spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2020-10-01 |
description |
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to overcome neurodegenerative events and reduce secondary neuronal damage. Efforts have also been devoted in developing neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative therapies that promote neuronal recovery and outcome. Although varying degrees of success have been achieved, curative accomplishment is still elusive probably due to the complex healing and protective mechanisms involved. Thus, current understanding in this area must be assessed to formulate appropriate treatment modalities to improve SCI recovery. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches. |
topic |
spinal cord injury primary injury secondary injury neurodegeneration neuroprotection neuro-regeneration |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7533 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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