Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA Repair
Androgen-deprivation therapy was shown to improve treatment outcome of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa). DNA damage response (DDR) was suggested to play a role in the underlying mechanism, but conflicting results were reported. This study aims to reve...
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doaj-f543ebb20ae44378a15cc2f1fbc9bbe62020-11-24T21:18:38ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942019-10-011110159310.3390/cancers11101593cancers11101593Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA RepairWenhao Zhang0Chen-Yi Liao1Hajar Chtatou2Luca Incrocci3Dik C. van Gent4Wytske M. van Weerden5Julie Nonnekens6Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Experimental Urology, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Experimental Urology, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Experimental Urology, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsAndrogen-deprivation therapy was shown to improve treatment outcome of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa). DNA damage response (DDR) was suggested to play a role in the underlying mechanism, but conflicting results were reported. This study aims to reveal the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in EBRT-induced DDR and to investigate whether next-generation AR inhibitor apalutamide can radiosensitize PCa. PCa cell lines and tissue slices were treated with anti-androgen alone or combined with EBRT. The effect of treatments on cell growth, tissue viability, DDR, and cell cycle were investigated. RAD51 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) levels were determined by Western blotting. Homologous recombination (HR) capacity was measured with the directed repeats-green fluorescent protein (DR-GFP) assay. We report the radiosensitizing effect of anti-androgens, which showed synergism in combination with EBRT in AR-expressing tumor slices and cell lines. Moreover, a compromised DDR was observed in AR-expressing cells upon AR suppression. We found that AR inhibition downregulated DNA-PKcs expression, resulting in reduced non-homologous end-joining repair. DDR through HR was a secondary effect due to cell-cycle change. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the combination regimen and support the clinical use of apalutamide together with EBRT for localized PCa patients.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/11/10/1593prostate cancerradiosensitizationexternal beam radiation therapyapalutamideanti-androgensnon-homologous end-joining |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Wenhao Zhang Chen-Yi Liao Hajar Chtatou Luca Incrocci Dik C. van Gent Wytske M. van Weerden Julie Nonnekens |
spellingShingle |
Wenhao Zhang Chen-Yi Liao Hajar Chtatou Luca Incrocci Dik C. van Gent Wytske M. van Weerden Julie Nonnekens Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA Repair Cancers prostate cancer radiosensitization external beam radiation therapy apalutamide anti-androgens non-homologous end-joining |
author_facet |
Wenhao Zhang Chen-Yi Liao Hajar Chtatou Luca Incrocci Dik C. van Gent Wytske M. van Weerden Julie Nonnekens |
author_sort |
Wenhao Zhang |
title |
Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA Repair |
title_short |
Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA Repair |
title_full |
Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA Repair |
title_fullStr |
Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA Repair |
title_full_unstemmed |
Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA Repair |
title_sort |
apalutamide sensitizes prostate cancer to ionizing radiation via inhibition of non-homologous end-joining dna repair |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Cancers |
issn |
2072-6694 |
publishDate |
2019-10-01 |
description |
Androgen-deprivation therapy was shown to improve treatment outcome of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa). DNA damage response (DDR) was suggested to play a role in the underlying mechanism, but conflicting results were reported. This study aims to reveal the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in EBRT-induced DDR and to investigate whether next-generation AR inhibitor apalutamide can radiosensitize PCa. PCa cell lines and tissue slices were treated with anti-androgen alone or combined with EBRT. The effect of treatments on cell growth, tissue viability, DDR, and cell cycle were investigated. RAD51 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) levels were determined by Western blotting. Homologous recombination (HR) capacity was measured with the directed repeats-green fluorescent protein (DR-GFP) assay. We report the radiosensitizing effect of anti-androgens, which showed synergism in combination with EBRT in AR-expressing tumor slices and cell lines. Moreover, a compromised DDR was observed in AR-expressing cells upon AR suppression. We found that AR inhibition downregulated DNA-PKcs expression, resulting in reduced non-homologous end-joining repair. DDR through HR was a secondary effect due to cell-cycle change. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the combination regimen and support the clinical use of apalutamide together with EBRT for localized PCa patients. |
topic |
prostate cancer radiosensitization external beam radiation therapy apalutamide anti-androgens non-homologous end-joining |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/11/10/1593 |
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