Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach
The ecological model theory highlights that human development (or a given behavior) is the result of the interaction of variables derived from different levels, comprising those directly related to the subjects and those related to the environment. Given that, the purpose of this study is to establi...
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doaj-f544b3536133466a8d90bcdc048608822021-04-05T23:00:27ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1661-78271660-46012021-04-01183781378110.3390/ijerph18073781Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel ApproachMabliny Thuany0Thayse Natacha Gomes1Lee Hill2Thomas Rosemann3Beat Knechtle4Marcos B. Almeida5Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, 49100-000 Sergipe, BrazilPost-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, 49100-000 Sergipe, BrazilDivision of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, CanadaInstitute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, SwitzerlandMedbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, SwitzerlandPost-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, 49100-000 Sergipe, BrazilThe ecological model theory highlights that human development (or a given behavior) is the result of the interaction of variables derived from different levels, comprising those directly related to the subjects and those related to the environment. Given that, the purpose of this study is to establish whether runners’ performance may vary among different Brazilian states, as the factors associated with this difference. The sample comprised 1151 Brazilian runners (61.8% men) that completed an online questionnaire, providing information about biological (sex, age, height, and weight), training (running pace, frequency and volume/week, and motivation), sociodemographic (place of residence and wage) aspects, and perceptions about the environmental influences on the practice. Information about state variables was obtained from official institutes, and comprised the human development index (HDI), athletics events, and violence index. Multilevel analysis was conducted in HLM software. State-level characteristics explained ≈3% of the total variance in running performance. Of the total variance explained for the individual level, 56.4% was associated with male sex (β = −54.98; <i>p</i> < 0.001), age (β = 1.09; <i>p</i> < 0.001), body mass index (β = 6.86; <i>p</i> < 0.001), economic status (β = 6.23; <i>p</i> = 0.003), the perception of the natural environment (β = 7.58; <i>p</i> = 0.02), training frequency (β = −16.64; <i>p</i> < 0.001), and weekly volume (β = −0.30; <i>p</i> < 0.001). At the state level, only athletics events presented a positive and significant influence on performance. There is a significant role of the environment on the explanation of running performance variability, and given the diversity across states, environmental variables should not be neglected, as they are relevant to the exploration of other variables possibly related to running performance.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/7/3781performancepredictorsmultilevel modeling |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Mabliny Thuany Thayse Natacha Gomes Lee Hill Thomas Rosemann Beat Knechtle Marcos B. Almeida |
spellingShingle |
Mabliny Thuany Thayse Natacha Gomes Lee Hill Thomas Rosemann Beat Knechtle Marcos B. Almeida Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health performance predictors multilevel modeling |
author_facet |
Mabliny Thuany Thayse Natacha Gomes Lee Hill Thomas Rosemann Beat Knechtle Marcos B. Almeida |
author_sort |
Mabliny Thuany |
title |
Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach |
title_short |
Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach |
title_full |
Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach |
title_fullStr |
Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach |
title_full_unstemmed |
Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach |
title_sort |
running performance variability among runners from different brazilian states: a multilevel approach |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1661-7827 1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
The ecological model theory highlights that human development (or a given behavior) is the result of the interaction of variables derived from different levels, comprising those directly related to the subjects and those related to the environment. Given that, the purpose of this study is to establish whether runners’ performance may vary among different Brazilian states, as the factors associated with this difference. The sample comprised 1151 Brazilian runners (61.8% men) that completed an online questionnaire, providing information about biological (sex, age, height, and weight), training (running pace, frequency and volume/week, and motivation), sociodemographic (place of residence and wage) aspects, and perceptions about the environmental influences on the practice. Information about state variables was obtained from official institutes, and comprised the human development index (HDI), athletics events, and violence index. Multilevel analysis was conducted in HLM software. State-level characteristics explained ≈3% of the total variance in running performance. Of the total variance explained for the individual level, 56.4% was associated with male sex (β = −54.98; <i>p</i> < 0.001), age (β = 1.09; <i>p</i> < 0.001), body mass index (β = 6.86; <i>p</i> < 0.001), economic status (β = 6.23; <i>p</i> = 0.003), the perception of the natural environment (β = 7.58; <i>p</i> = 0.02), training frequency (β = −16.64; <i>p</i> < 0.001), and weekly volume (β = −0.30; <i>p</i> < 0.001). At the state level, only athletics events presented a positive and significant influence on performance. There is a significant role of the environment on the explanation of running performance variability, and given the diversity across states, environmental variables should not be neglected, as they are relevant to the exploration of other variables possibly related to running performance. |
topic |
performance predictors multilevel modeling |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/7/3781 |
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