Transcatheter Closure of PFO and ASD: Multimodality Imaging for Patient Selection and Perioperative Guidance

• Main Authors: Gabriele Egidy Assenza, Luca Spinardi, Elisabetta Mariucci, Anna Balducci, Luca Ragni, Cristina Ciuca, Roberto Formigari, Emanuela Angeli, Gianfranco Vornetti, Gaetano Domenico Gargiulo, Andrea Donti
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-07-01
• Series: Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
• Subjects: patent foramen ovale; atrial septal defect; multimodality imaging; transcatheter closure
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/8/7/78

Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD) are common transcatheter procedures. Although they share many technical details, these procedures are targeting two different clinical indications. PFO closure is usually considered to prevent recurrent embolic stroke/systemic arterial embolization, ASD closure is indicated in patients with large left-to-right shunt, right ventricular volume overload, and normal pulmonary vascular resistance. Multimodality imaging plays a key role for patient selection, periprocedural monitoring, and follow-up surveillance. In addition to routine cardiovascular examinations, advanced neuroimaging studies, transcranial-Doppler, and interventional transesophageal echocardiography/intracardiac echocardiography are now increasingly used to deliver safely and effectively such procedures. Long-standing collaboration between interventional cardiologist, neuroradiologist, and cardiac imager is essential and it requires a standardized approach to image acquisition and interpretation. Periprocedural monitoring should be performed by experienced operators with deep understanding of technical details of transcatheter intervention. This review summarizes the specific role of different imaging modalities for PFO and ASD transcatheter closure, describing important pre-procedural and intra-procedural details and providing examples of procedural pitfall and complications.