Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017
Abstract We attempted to reproduce the total electron content (TEC) variation in the Earth's atmosphere from the temporal variation of the solar flare spectrum of the X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017. The flare spectrum from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM), and the flare spectrum from...
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doaj-f6ccd9ce65554a7895ded8fbac0ee7d82021-04-25T11:46:43ZengSpringerOpenEarth, Planets and Space1880-59812021-04-0173111010.1186/s40623-021-01376-6Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017Kyoko Watanabe0Hidekatsu Jin1Shohei Nishimoto2Shinsuke Imada3Toshiki Kawai4Tomoko Kawate5Yuichi Otsuka6Atsuki Shinbori7Takuya Tsugawa8Michi Nishioka9National Defense Academy of JapanNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)National Defense Academy of JapanInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya UniversityInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya UniversityNational Institute for Fusion ScienceInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya UniversityInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya UniversityNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)Abstract We attempted to reproduce the total electron content (TEC) variation in the Earth's atmosphere from the temporal variation of the solar flare spectrum of the X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017. The flare spectrum from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM), and the flare spectrum from the 1D hydrodynamic model, which considers the physics of plasma in the flare loop, are used in the GAIA model, which is a simulation model of the Earth's whole atmosphere and ionosphere, to calculate the TEC difference. We then compared these results with the observed TEC. When we used the FISM flare spectrum, the difference in TEC from the background was in a good agreement with the observation. However, when the flare spectrum of the 1D-hydrodynamic model was used, the result varied depending on the presence or absence of the background. This difference depending on the models is considered to represent which extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is primarily responsible for increasing TEC. From the flare spectrum obtained from these models and the calculation result of TEC fluctuation using GAIA, it is considered that the enhancement in EUV emission by approximately 15–35 nm mainly contributes in increasing TEC rather than that of X-ray emission, which is thought to be mainly responsible for sudden ionospheric disturbance. In addition, from the altitude/wavelength distribution of the ionization rate of Earth's atmosphere by GAIA (Ground-to-topside Atmosphere and Ionosphere model for Aeronomy), it was found that EUV radiation of approximately 15–35 nm affects a wide altitude range of 120–300 km, and TEC enhancement is mainly caused by the ionization of nitrogen molecules.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6Solar flaresDellinger effectTotal electron contentSpace weather |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Kyoko Watanabe Hidekatsu Jin Shohei Nishimoto Shinsuke Imada Toshiki Kawai Tomoko Kawate Yuichi Otsuka Atsuki Shinbori Takuya Tsugawa Michi Nishioka |
spellingShingle |
Kyoko Watanabe Hidekatsu Jin Shohei Nishimoto Shinsuke Imada Toshiki Kawai Tomoko Kawate Yuichi Otsuka Atsuki Shinbori Takuya Tsugawa Michi Nishioka Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017 Earth, Planets and Space Solar flares Dellinger effect Total electron content Space weather |
author_facet |
Kyoko Watanabe Hidekatsu Jin Shohei Nishimoto Shinsuke Imada Toshiki Kawai Tomoko Kawate Yuichi Otsuka Atsuki Shinbori Takuya Tsugawa Michi Nishioka |
author_sort |
Kyoko Watanabe |
title |
Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017 |
title_short |
Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017 |
title_full |
Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017 |
title_fullStr |
Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017 |
title_sort |
model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the x9.3 event of september 6, 2017 |
publisher |
SpringerOpen |
series |
Earth, Planets and Space |
issn |
1880-5981 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
Abstract We attempted to reproduce the total electron content (TEC) variation in the Earth's atmosphere from the temporal variation of the solar flare spectrum of the X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017. The flare spectrum from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM), and the flare spectrum from the 1D hydrodynamic model, which considers the physics of plasma in the flare loop, are used in the GAIA model, which is a simulation model of the Earth's whole atmosphere and ionosphere, to calculate the TEC difference. We then compared these results with the observed TEC. When we used the FISM flare spectrum, the difference in TEC from the background was in a good agreement with the observation. However, when the flare spectrum of the 1D-hydrodynamic model was used, the result varied depending on the presence or absence of the background. This difference depending on the models is considered to represent which extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is primarily responsible for increasing TEC. From the flare spectrum obtained from these models and the calculation result of TEC fluctuation using GAIA, it is considered that the enhancement in EUV emission by approximately 15–35 nm mainly contributes in increasing TEC rather than that of X-ray emission, which is thought to be mainly responsible for sudden ionospheric disturbance. In addition, from the altitude/wavelength distribution of the ionization rate of Earth's atmosphere by GAIA (Ground-to-topside Atmosphere and Ionosphere model for Aeronomy), it was found that EUV radiation of approximately 15–35 nm affects a wide altitude range of 120–300 km, and TEC enhancement is mainly caused by the ionization of nitrogen molecules. |
topic |
Solar flares Dellinger effect Total electron content Space weather |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6 |
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