Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017

Abstract We attempted to reproduce the total electron content (TEC) variation in the Earth's atmosphere from the temporal variation of the solar flare spectrum of the X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017. The flare spectrum from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM), and the flare spectrum from...

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Main Authors: Kyoko Watanabe, Hidekatsu Jin, Shohei Nishimoto, Shinsuke Imada, Toshiki Kawai, Tomoko Kawate, Yuichi Otsuka, Atsuki Shinbori, Takuya Tsugawa, Michi Nishioka
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2021-04-01
Series:Earth, Planets and Space
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6
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spelling doaj-f6ccd9ce65554a7895ded8fbac0ee7d82021-04-25T11:46:43ZengSpringerOpenEarth, Planets and Space1880-59812021-04-0173111010.1186/s40623-021-01376-6Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017Kyoko Watanabe0Hidekatsu Jin1Shohei Nishimoto2Shinsuke Imada3Toshiki Kawai4Tomoko Kawate5Yuichi Otsuka6Atsuki Shinbori7Takuya Tsugawa8Michi Nishioka9National Defense Academy of JapanNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)National Defense Academy of JapanInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya UniversityInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya UniversityNational Institute for Fusion ScienceInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya UniversityInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya UniversityNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)Abstract We attempted to reproduce the total electron content (TEC) variation in the Earth's atmosphere from the temporal variation of the solar flare spectrum of the X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017. The flare spectrum from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM), and the flare spectrum from the 1D hydrodynamic model, which considers the physics of plasma in the flare loop, are used in the GAIA model, which is a simulation model of the Earth's whole atmosphere and ionosphere, to calculate the TEC difference. We then compared these results with the observed TEC. When we used the FISM flare spectrum, the difference in TEC from the background was in a good agreement with the observation. However, when the flare spectrum of the 1D-hydrodynamic model was used, the result varied depending on the presence or absence of the background. This difference depending on the models is considered to represent which extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is primarily responsible for increasing TEC. From the flare spectrum obtained from these models and the calculation result of TEC fluctuation using GAIA, it is considered that the enhancement in EUV emission by approximately 15–35 nm mainly contributes in increasing TEC rather than that of X-ray emission, which is thought to be mainly responsible for sudden ionospheric disturbance. In addition, from the altitude/wavelength distribution of the ionization rate of Earth's atmosphere by GAIA (Ground-to-topside Atmosphere and Ionosphere model for Aeronomy), it was found that EUV radiation of approximately 15–35 nm affects a wide altitude range of 120–300 km, and TEC enhancement is mainly caused by the ionization of nitrogen molecules.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6Solar flaresDellinger effectTotal electron contentSpace weather
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Kyoko Watanabe
Hidekatsu Jin
Shohei Nishimoto
Shinsuke Imada
Toshiki Kawai
Tomoko Kawate
Yuichi Otsuka
Atsuki Shinbori
Takuya Tsugawa
Michi Nishioka
spellingShingle Kyoko Watanabe
Hidekatsu Jin
Shohei Nishimoto
Shinsuke Imada
Toshiki Kawai
Tomoko Kawate
Yuichi Otsuka
Atsuki Shinbori
Takuya Tsugawa
Michi Nishioka
Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017
Earth, Planets and Space
Solar flares
Dellinger effect
Total electron content
Space weather
author_facet Kyoko Watanabe
Hidekatsu Jin
Shohei Nishimoto
Shinsuke Imada
Toshiki Kawai
Tomoko Kawate
Yuichi Otsuka
Atsuki Shinbori
Takuya Tsugawa
Michi Nishioka
author_sort Kyoko Watanabe
title Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017
title_short Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017
title_full Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017
title_fullStr Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017
title_full_unstemmed Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017
title_sort model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the x9.3 event of september 6, 2017
publisher SpringerOpen
series Earth, Planets and Space
issn 1880-5981
publishDate 2021-04-01
description Abstract We attempted to reproduce the total electron content (TEC) variation in the Earth's atmosphere from the temporal variation of the solar flare spectrum of the X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017. The flare spectrum from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM), and the flare spectrum from the 1D hydrodynamic model, which considers the physics of plasma in the flare loop, are used in the GAIA model, which is a simulation model of the Earth's whole atmosphere and ionosphere, to calculate the TEC difference. We then compared these results with the observed TEC. When we used the FISM flare spectrum, the difference in TEC from the background was in a good agreement with the observation. However, when the flare spectrum of the 1D-hydrodynamic model was used, the result varied depending on the presence or absence of the background. This difference depending on the models is considered to represent which extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is primarily responsible for increasing TEC. From the flare spectrum obtained from these models and the calculation result of TEC fluctuation using GAIA, it is considered that the enhancement in EUV emission by approximately 15–35 nm mainly contributes in increasing TEC rather than that of X-ray emission, which is thought to be mainly responsible for sudden ionospheric disturbance. In addition, from the altitude/wavelength distribution of the ionization rate of Earth's atmosphere by GAIA (Ground-to-topside Atmosphere and Ionosphere model for Aeronomy), it was found that EUV radiation of approximately 15–35 nm affects a wide altitude range of 120–300 km, and TEC enhancement is mainly caused by the ionization of nitrogen molecules.
topic Solar flares
Dellinger effect
Total electron content
Space weather
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6
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