Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorder
Abstract Background The alterations of biological markers are thought to be effective tools to understand the pathophysiology and management of major depressive disorder (MDD). A lot of researches has implied many markers for depression, but any of them fully discovered the association between the m...
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doaj-f749cdc112444fdda9716f2f7aa52b532020-11-25T03:29:44ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2020-06-012011810.1186/s12888-020-02738-2Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorderMd. Rabiul Islam0Samia Ali1James Regun Karmoker2Mohammad Fahim Kadir3Maizbha Uddin Ahmed4Zabun Nahar5Sardar Mohammad Ashraful Islam6Mohammad Safiqul Islam7Abul Hasnat8Md. Saiful Islam9Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of DhakaDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Asia PacificDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Asia PacificDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Asia PacificDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of DhakaDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Asia PacificDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Asia PacificDepartment of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology UniversityDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of DhakaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of DhakaAbstract Background The alterations of biological markers are thought to be effective tools to understand the pathophysiology and management of major depressive disorder (MDD). A lot of researches has implied many markers for depression, but any of them fully discovered the association between the markers and depression. The present study investigated the serum levels of amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in major depression, and also explained their association with depression. Methods This study examined 247 MDD patients and 248 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age and sex. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D) was used to all the participants to measure the severity of depression. Quantification of serum amino acids, vitamin A and E were carried out using the HPLC system whereas vitamin C levels were measured by UV-spectrophotometer. All the statistical analysis was performed by SPSS statistical software (version 23.0). The independent sample t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Fisher’s exact test were applied to detect the group differences where a Bonferroni correction applied to the p value. Results It was observed that serum levels of four amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) along with three non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamin A, E, and C) were significantly dropped in MDD patients compared to HCs (Cohen’s d (d): − 0.45, − 0.50, − 0.68, − 0.21, − 0.27, − 0.65, and − 0.24, respectively). Furthermore, Ham-D scores of cases were negatively correlated with serum levels of methionine (r = − 0.155, p = 0.015) and tyrosine (r = − 0.172, p = 0.007). Conclusion The present study suggests that lowered serum methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and non-enzymatic antioxidants are associated with depression. The reduction of these parameters in MDD patients may be the consequence, and not the cause, of major depression.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-020-02738-2Major depressive disorderMDDSerumAmino acidsNon-enzymatic antioxidants |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Md. Rabiul Islam Samia Ali James Regun Karmoker Mohammad Fahim Kadir Maizbha Uddin Ahmed Zabun Nahar Sardar Mohammad Ashraful Islam Mohammad Safiqul Islam Abul Hasnat Md. Saiful Islam |
spellingShingle |
Md. Rabiul Islam Samia Ali James Regun Karmoker Mohammad Fahim Kadir Maizbha Uddin Ahmed Zabun Nahar Sardar Mohammad Ashraful Islam Mohammad Safiqul Islam Abul Hasnat Md. Saiful Islam Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorder BMC Psychiatry Major depressive disorder MDD Serum Amino acids Non-enzymatic antioxidants |
author_facet |
Md. Rabiul Islam Samia Ali James Regun Karmoker Mohammad Fahim Kadir Maizbha Uddin Ahmed Zabun Nahar Sardar Mohammad Ashraful Islam Mohammad Safiqul Islam Abul Hasnat Md. Saiful Islam |
author_sort |
Md. Rabiul Islam |
title |
Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorder |
title_short |
Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorder |
title_full |
Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorder |
title_fullStr |
Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorder |
title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorder |
title_sort |
evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-naïve first-episode major depressive disorder |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
BMC Psychiatry |
issn |
1471-244X |
publishDate |
2020-06-01 |
description |
Abstract Background The alterations of biological markers are thought to be effective tools to understand the pathophysiology and management of major depressive disorder (MDD). A lot of researches has implied many markers for depression, but any of them fully discovered the association between the markers and depression. The present study investigated the serum levels of amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in major depression, and also explained their association with depression. Methods This study examined 247 MDD patients and 248 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age and sex. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D) was used to all the participants to measure the severity of depression. Quantification of serum amino acids, vitamin A and E were carried out using the HPLC system whereas vitamin C levels were measured by UV-spectrophotometer. All the statistical analysis was performed by SPSS statistical software (version 23.0). The independent sample t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Fisher’s exact test were applied to detect the group differences where a Bonferroni correction applied to the p value. Results It was observed that serum levels of four amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) along with three non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamin A, E, and C) were significantly dropped in MDD patients compared to HCs (Cohen’s d (d): − 0.45, − 0.50, − 0.68, − 0.21, − 0.27, − 0.65, and − 0.24, respectively). Furthermore, Ham-D scores of cases were negatively correlated with serum levels of methionine (r = − 0.155, p = 0.015) and tyrosine (r = − 0.172, p = 0.007). Conclusion The present study suggests that lowered serum methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and non-enzymatic antioxidants are associated with depression. The reduction of these parameters in MDD patients may be the consequence, and not the cause, of major depression. |
topic |
Major depressive disorder MDD Serum Amino acids Non-enzymatic antioxidants |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-020-02738-2 |
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