<i>Lawsonia Inermis</i> Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the Brain
<i>Background and Objective:</i> Medicinal plants represent an important source of alternative medicine for the management of various diseases. The present study was undertaken to assess the potential of <i>Lawsonia inermis</i> ethanol (Li.Et) and chloroform (Li.Chf) extracts...
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doaj-f8e929a940124bc38f855956596e80f82020-11-25T00:46:47ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X2019-05-0155519210.3390/medicina55050192medicina55050192<i>Lawsonia Inermis</i> Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the BrainNumra Tariq Mir0Uzma Saleem1Fareeha Anwar2Bashir Ahmad3Izhar Ullah4Sundas Hira5Tariq Ismail6Tahir Ali7Muhammad Ayaz8Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, PakistanFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanRiphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, PakistanRiphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot 12420, PakistanRiphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacy, Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSAT), Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanRiphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan<i>Background and Objective:</i> Medicinal plants represent an important source of alternative medicine for the management of various diseases. The present study was undertaken to assess the potential of <i>Lawsonia inermis</i> ethanol (Li.Et) and chloroform (Li.Chf) extracts as memory-enhancing agents in experimental animals. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> Li.Et and Li.Chf were phytochemically characterized via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Samples were tested for nootropic potentials at doses of 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg (per oral in experimental animals (p.o.)). Swiss albino mice of either sex (<i>n</i> = 210) were divided into 21 × 10 groups for each animal model. Memory-enhancing potentials of the samples were assessed using two methods including “without inducing amnesia” and “induction of amnesia” by administration of diazepam (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Piracetam at 400 mg/kg (i.p.) was used as positive control. Cognitive behavioral models including elevated plus maze (EPM) and the passive shock avoidance (PSA) paradigm were used. Biochemical markers of oxidative stress such as glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were analyzed in the brain tissue of treated mice. <i>Results:</i> In 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging assay, Li.Et and Li.Chf exhibited 70.98 ± 1.56 and 66.99 ± 1.76% inhibitions respectively at 1.28 mg/mL concentration. GCMS results revealed the presence of important phytochemicals. Both samples (Li.Et and Li.Chf) at 25 mg/kg (p.o.) dose significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) improved learning and memory as indicated by decline in transfer latency and increase in step down latency in EPM and PSA models respectively. Li.Et and Li.Chf at 25 mg/kg (p.o.) showed considerable increase in GSH (2.75 ± 0.018 ***), SOD (2.61 ± 0.059 ***) and CAT (2.71 ± 0.049 ***) levels as compared to positive and negative control groups. <i>Conclusions:</i> This study provides the preliminary clue that <i>L. inermis</i> may be a potential source of memory-enhancing and anti-oxidant compounds and thus warrant further studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/5/192<i>Lawsonia inermis</i>nootropicAlzheimer’s diseaseSODCAToxidative stresstransfer latencystep down latency |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Numra Tariq Mir Uzma Saleem Fareeha Anwar Bashir Ahmad Izhar Ullah Sundas Hira Tariq Ismail Tahir Ali Muhammad Ayaz |
spellingShingle |
Numra Tariq Mir Uzma Saleem Fareeha Anwar Bashir Ahmad Izhar Ullah Sundas Hira Tariq Ismail Tahir Ali Muhammad Ayaz <i>Lawsonia Inermis</i> Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the Brain Medicina <i>Lawsonia inermis</i> nootropic Alzheimer’s disease SOD CAT oxidative stress transfer latency step down latency |
author_facet |
Numra Tariq Mir Uzma Saleem Fareeha Anwar Bashir Ahmad Izhar Ullah Sundas Hira Tariq Ismail Tahir Ali Muhammad Ayaz |
author_sort |
Numra Tariq Mir |
title |
<i>Lawsonia Inermis</i> Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the Brain |
title_short |
<i>Lawsonia Inermis</i> Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the Brain |
title_full |
<i>Lawsonia Inermis</i> Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the Brain |
title_fullStr |
<i>Lawsonia Inermis</i> Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the Brain |
title_full_unstemmed |
<i>Lawsonia Inermis</i> Markedly Improves Cognitive Functions in Animal Models and Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers in the Brain |
title_sort |
<i>lawsonia inermis</i> markedly improves cognitive functions in animal models and modulate oxidative stress markers in the brain |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Medicina |
issn |
1010-660X |
publishDate |
2019-05-01 |
description |
<i>Background and Objective:</i> Medicinal plants represent an important source of alternative medicine for the management of various diseases. The present study was undertaken to assess the potential of <i>Lawsonia inermis</i> ethanol (Li.Et) and chloroform (Li.Chf) extracts as memory-enhancing agents in experimental animals. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> Li.Et and Li.Chf were phytochemically characterized via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Samples were tested for nootropic potentials at doses of 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg (per oral in experimental animals (p.o.)). Swiss albino mice of either sex (<i>n</i> = 210) were divided into 21 × 10 groups for each animal model. Memory-enhancing potentials of the samples were assessed using two methods including “without inducing amnesia” and “induction of amnesia” by administration of diazepam (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Piracetam at 400 mg/kg (i.p.) was used as positive control. Cognitive behavioral models including elevated plus maze (EPM) and the passive shock avoidance (PSA) paradigm were used. Biochemical markers of oxidative stress such as glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were analyzed in the brain tissue of treated mice. <i>Results:</i> In 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging assay, Li.Et and Li.Chf exhibited 70.98 ± 1.56 and 66.99 ± 1.76% inhibitions respectively at 1.28 mg/mL concentration. GCMS results revealed the presence of important phytochemicals. Both samples (Li.Et and Li.Chf) at 25 mg/kg (p.o.) dose significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) improved learning and memory as indicated by decline in transfer latency and increase in step down latency in EPM and PSA models respectively. Li.Et and Li.Chf at 25 mg/kg (p.o.) showed considerable increase in GSH (2.75 ± 0.018 ***), SOD (2.61 ± 0.059 ***) and CAT (2.71 ± 0.049 ***) levels as compared to positive and negative control groups. <i>Conclusions:</i> This study provides the preliminary clue that <i>L. inermis</i> may be a potential source of memory-enhancing and anti-oxidant compounds and thus warrant further studies. |
topic |
<i>Lawsonia inermis</i> nootropic Alzheimer’s disease SOD CAT oxidative stress transfer latency step down latency |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/5/192 |
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