Self-sampling HPV test in women not undergoing Pap smear for more than 5 years and factors associated with under-screening in Taiwan

• Main Authors: Hung-Hsueh Chou, Huei-Jean Huang, Hui-Hsin Cheng, Chee-Jen Chang, Lan-Yan Yang, Chu-Chun Huang, Wei-Yang Chang, Swei Hsueh, Angel Chao, Chin-Jung Wang, Yun-Hsin Tang, Cheng-Tao Lin, Jian-Tai Qiu, Min-Yu Chen, Chao-Yu Chen, Kuan-Gen Huang, Tzu-Chun Tsai, Ting-Chang Chang, Chyong-Huey Lai
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2016-12-01
• Series: Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
• Subjects: cervical neoplasms; human papillomavirus; Pap smear; self-sampling; screening rate
• Online Access: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664615003538

Under-utilization of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear causes a gap in the prevention of cervical neoplasms. A prospective population-based study was conducted investigating whether a self-sampling human papillomavirus (HPV) test was feasible for under-users of Pap smear and factors associated with under-screening in Taiwan. Methods: Women not having Pap smear screening for > 5 years were invited to participate in this study. Invitation letters and educational brochures were mailed to 4% of randomly selected eligible women from Taoyuan City, Taiwan, and responders received an HPV self-sampling kit. Those with HPV-positive results were recalled for a Pap smear and colposcopy. Results: Between March 2010 and June 2012, 10,693 women were invited, 354 responded (3.3%), and 282 (2.6%) gave valid informed consent, answered the questionnaire, and submitted HPV samples. The median age of enrolled women was 48.1 years. Forty-seven women (16.7%) had a positive HPV test, and 14 women accepted further survey to find two CIN2+. Another two cases of CIN2+ were identified from a national registry database. The cost of direct mailing self-samplers was less than that done on request (from NT$434,866 to NT$164,229, response rate of 5% to 15%, respectively, versus NT$683,957 for detecting 1 CIN2+). Reasons for not attending screening included lack of time, embarrassment, assumed low risk, fear of positive results, and perceived potential pain. Among the responders, 90.8% found the method acceptable. Conclusion: Our study indicated that different approaches (e.g., direct mailing self-samplers to under-users and/or various educational interventions) must be explored to improve coverage in populations with culture characteristics similar to Taiwan.