Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed entities of endocytic origin, which are generated during the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and plasma membranes. Exosomes are released into the extracellular milieu or body fluids; this process was reported for mesenchymal, epithelial, endothelial, and differe...
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doaj-f9de8162d8724bc082cf6d5b54579ed72020-11-25T00:32:57ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092019-01-01829910.3390/cells8020099cells8020099Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical AppraisalArif Tasleem Jan0Safikur Rahman1Shahanavaj Khan2Sheikh Abdullah Tasduq3Inho Choi4School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185236, IndiaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, KoreaDepartment of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar 251001, IndiaCSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, IndiaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, KoreaExosomes are membrane-enclosed entities of endocytic origin, which are generated during the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and plasma membranes. Exosomes are released into the extracellular milieu or body fluids; this process was reported for mesenchymal, epithelial, endothelial, and different immune cells (B-cells and dendritic cells), and was reported to be correlated with normal physiological processes. The compositions and abundances of exosomes depend on their tissue origins and cell types. Exosomes range in size between 30 and 100 nm, and shuttle nucleic acids (DNA, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs), proteins, and lipids between donor and target cells. Pathogenic microorganisms also secrete exosomes that modulate the host immune system and influence the fate of infections. Such immune-modulatory effect of exosomes can serve as a diagnostic biomarker of disease. On the other hand, the antigen-presenting and immune-stimulatory properties of exosomes enable them to trigger anti-tumor responses, and exosome release from cancerous cells suggests they contribute to the recruitment and reconstitution of components of tumor microenvironments. Furthermore, their modulation of physiological and pathological processes suggests they contribute to the developmental program, infections, and human diseases. Despite significant advances, our understanding of exosomes is far from complete, particularly regarding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that subserve exosome formation, cargo packaging, and exosome release in different cellular backgrounds. The present study presents diverse biological aspects of exosomes, and highlights their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/2/99exosomesextracellular transportdiseasessecretory vesiclesstem cells |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Arif Tasleem Jan Safikur Rahman Shahanavaj Khan Sheikh Abdullah Tasduq Inho Choi |
spellingShingle |
Arif Tasleem Jan Safikur Rahman Shahanavaj Khan Sheikh Abdullah Tasduq Inho Choi Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal Cells exosomes extracellular transport diseases secretory vesicles stem cells |
author_facet |
Arif Tasleem Jan Safikur Rahman Shahanavaj Khan Sheikh Abdullah Tasduq Inho Choi |
author_sort |
Arif Tasleem Jan |
title |
Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal |
title_short |
Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal |
title_full |
Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal |
title_fullStr |
Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal |
title_full_unstemmed |
Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal |
title_sort |
biology, pathophysiological role, and clinical implications of exosomes: a critical appraisal |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Cells |
issn |
2073-4409 |
publishDate |
2019-01-01 |
description |
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed entities of endocytic origin, which are generated during the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and plasma membranes. Exosomes are released into the extracellular milieu or body fluids; this process was reported for mesenchymal, epithelial, endothelial, and different immune cells (B-cells and dendritic cells), and was reported to be correlated with normal physiological processes. The compositions and abundances of exosomes depend on their tissue origins and cell types. Exosomes range in size between 30 and 100 nm, and shuttle nucleic acids (DNA, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs), proteins, and lipids between donor and target cells. Pathogenic microorganisms also secrete exosomes that modulate the host immune system and influence the fate of infections. Such immune-modulatory effect of exosomes can serve as a diagnostic biomarker of disease. On the other hand, the antigen-presenting and immune-stimulatory properties of exosomes enable them to trigger anti-tumor responses, and exosome release from cancerous cells suggests they contribute to the recruitment and reconstitution of components of tumor microenvironments. Furthermore, their modulation of physiological and pathological processes suggests they contribute to the developmental program, infections, and human diseases. Despite significant advances, our understanding of exosomes is far from complete, particularly regarding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that subserve exosome formation, cargo packaging, and exosome release in different cellular backgrounds. The present study presents diverse biological aspects of exosomes, and highlights their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. |
topic |
exosomes extracellular transport diseases secretory vesicles stem cells |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/2/99 |
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