Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels
In our previous study, an innovative method for sterilization, inertization, and valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), to be recycled in the production of composite panels, was developed. In this follow-up work, the effects of fire retardants on fire performance, dur...
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doaj-f9e03a3d597b4a308cd661be5caf5fb52021-02-27T00:05:18ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-02-011371271210.3390/polym13050712Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite PanelsCarola Esposito Corcione0Francesca Ferrari1Raffaella Striani2Laura Dubrulle3Paolo Visconti4Mauro Zammarano5Antonio Greco6Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyDepartment of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyDepartment of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyNational Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USADepartment of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyNational Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USADepartment of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyIn our previous study, an innovative method for sterilization, inertization, and valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), to be recycled in the production of composite panels, was developed. In this follow-up work, the effects of fire retardants on fire performance, durability, and the mechanical properties of the composite panels based on OFMSW and melamine-formaldehyde resin were investigated. The performance of panels without fire retardants (control panels) was compared to panels containing either mono-ammonium phosphate (PFR) or aluminium trihydrate (ATH) at a mass fraction of 1% and 10% (modified panels). As shown by cone calorimetry, the total heat released was already low (about 31 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> at 50 kW/m<sup>2</sup>) in the control panels, further decreased in the modified panels with the addition of fire retardants, and reached the lowest value (about 1.4 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>) with 10% mass fraction of PFR. Hence, the addition of fire retardants had a beneficial effect on the response to fire of the panels; however, it also reduced the mechanical properties of the panels as measured by flexural tests. The deterioration of the mechanical properties was particularly obvious in panels containing 10% mass fraction of fire retardants, and they were further degraded by artificial accelerated weathering, carried out by boiling tests. Ultimately, the panels containing PFR at a mass fraction of 1% offered the best balance of fire resistance, durability, and mechanical performance within the formulations investigated in this study.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/5/712solid urban wastemelamine-formaldehydevalorization processfire retardantdurability |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Carola Esposito Corcione Francesca Ferrari Raffaella Striani Laura Dubrulle Paolo Visconti Mauro Zammarano Antonio Greco |
spellingShingle |
Carola Esposito Corcione Francesca Ferrari Raffaella Striani Laura Dubrulle Paolo Visconti Mauro Zammarano Antonio Greco Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels Polymers solid urban waste melamine-formaldehyde valorization process fire retardant durability |
author_facet |
Carola Esposito Corcione Francesca Ferrari Raffaella Striani Laura Dubrulle Paolo Visconti Mauro Zammarano Antonio Greco |
author_sort |
Carola Esposito Corcione |
title |
Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels |
title_short |
Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels |
title_full |
Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels |
title_fullStr |
Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels |
title_full_unstemmed |
Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels |
title_sort |
optimizing flame retardancy and durability of melamine-formaldehyde/solid-urban-waste composite panels |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Polymers |
issn |
2073-4360 |
publishDate |
2021-02-01 |
description |
In our previous study, an innovative method for sterilization, inertization, and valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), to be recycled in the production of composite panels, was developed. In this follow-up work, the effects of fire retardants on fire performance, durability, and the mechanical properties of the composite panels based on OFMSW and melamine-formaldehyde resin were investigated. The performance of panels without fire retardants (control panels) was compared to panels containing either mono-ammonium phosphate (PFR) or aluminium trihydrate (ATH) at a mass fraction of 1% and 10% (modified panels). As shown by cone calorimetry, the total heat released was already low (about 31 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> at 50 kW/m<sup>2</sup>) in the control panels, further decreased in the modified panels with the addition of fire retardants, and reached the lowest value (about 1.4 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>) with 10% mass fraction of PFR. Hence, the addition of fire retardants had a beneficial effect on the response to fire of the panels; however, it also reduced the mechanical properties of the panels as measured by flexural tests. The deterioration of the mechanical properties was particularly obvious in panels containing 10% mass fraction of fire retardants, and they were further degraded by artificial accelerated weathering, carried out by boiling tests. Ultimately, the panels containing PFR at a mass fraction of 1% offered the best balance of fire resistance, durability, and mechanical performance within the formulations investigated in this study. |
topic |
solid urban waste melamine-formaldehyde valorization process fire retardant durability |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/5/712 |
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