Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV
In stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral the...
Main Authors: | , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-06-01
|
Series: | Viruses |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/7/1266 |
id |
doaj-fa354298127843f9b8d8a06f193aff49 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-fa354298127843f9b8d8a06f193aff492021-07-23T14:11:21ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-06-01131266126610.3390/v13071266Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIVLéna Royston0Stéphane Isnard1John Lin2Jean-Pierre Routy3Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaIn stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still exhibit increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Such differences in health outcomes are related to higher risk behaviors, but also to HIV-related immune activation and viral coinfections. Among these coinfections, cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection is a well-known inducer of long-term immune dysregulation. Cytomegalovirus contributes to the persistent immune activation in PLWH receiving ART by directly skewing immune response toward itself, and by increasing immune activation through modification of the gut microbiota and microbial translocation. In addition, through induction of immunosenescence, CMV has been associated with a decreased response to infections and vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the influence of CMV on the immune system, the mechanisms underlying a reduced response to vaccines, and discuss new therapeutic advances targeting CMV that could be used to improve vaccine response in PLWH.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/7/1266HIVcytomegalovirusCMVvaccineimmunosenescenceimmune activation |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Léna Royston Stéphane Isnard John Lin Jean-Pierre Routy |
spellingShingle |
Léna Royston Stéphane Isnard John Lin Jean-Pierre Routy Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV Viruses HIV cytomegalovirus CMV vaccine immunosenescence immune activation |
author_facet |
Léna Royston Stéphane Isnard John Lin Jean-Pierre Routy |
author_sort |
Léna Royston |
title |
Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV |
title_short |
Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV |
title_full |
Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV |
title_fullStr |
Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV |
title_full_unstemmed |
Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV |
title_sort |
cytomegalovirus as an uninvited guest in the response to vaccines in people living with hiv |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Viruses |
issn |
1999-4915 |
publishDate |
2021-06-01 |
description |
In stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still exhibit increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Such differences in health outcomes are related to higher risk behaviors, but also to HIV-related immune activation and viral coinfections. Among these coinfections, cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection is a well-known inducer of long-term immune dysregulation. Cytomegalovirus contributes to the persistent immune activation in PLWH receiving ART by directly skewing immune response toward itself, and by increasing immune activation through modification of the gut microbiota and microbial translocation. In addition, through induction of immunosenescence, CMV has been associated with a decreased response to infections and vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the influence of CMV on the immune system, the mechanisms underlying a reduced response to vaccines, and discuss new therapeutic advances targeting CMV that could be used to improve vaccine response in PLWH. |
topic |
HIV cytomegalovirus CMV vaccine immunosenescence immune activation |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/7/1266 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT lenaroyston cytomegalovirusasanuninvitedguestintheresponsetovaccinesinpeoplelivingwithhiv AT stephaneisnard cytomegalovirusasanuninvitedguestintheresponsetovaccinesinpeoplelivingwithhiv AT johnlin cytomegalovirusasanuninvitedguestintheresponsetovaccinesinpeoplelivingwithhiv AT jeanpierrerouty cytomegalovirusasanuninvitedguestintheresponsetovaccinesinpeoplelivingwithhiv |
_version_ |
1721285467607924736 |