Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in Seawater

A group of compounds structurally similar to bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A, BPA) are called bisphenols (BPs), and some of them can partially replace BPA in industrial applications. The production and consumption of BPs other than BPA, especially those of bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisph...

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Main Authors: Michihiko Ike, Satoshi Soda, Kazunari Sei, Erica Danzl, Masanori Fujita
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2009-04-01
Series:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/6/4/1472/
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spelling doaj-fbf4fd2476f4440f973d6f9aa3787a112020-11-25T00:38:15ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1660-46012009-04-01641472148410.3390/ijerph6041472Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in SeawaterMichihiko IkeSatoshi SodaKazunari SeiErica DanzlMasanori FujitaA group of compounds structurally similar to bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A, BPA) are called bisphenols (BPs), and some of them can partially replace BPA in industrial applications. The production and consumption of BPs other than BPA, especially those of bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F, BPF) and bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)sulfone (bisphenol S, BPS), have increased recently, leading to their detection as contaminants in the aquatic environment. The three compounds tested 100% positive for estrus response in 1936 and concerns about their health risks have been increasing. Abundant data on degradation of bisphenols (BPs) has been published, but results for biodegradation of BPs in seawater are lacking. However, several research groups have focused on this topic recently. In this study, the biodegradation behaviors of three BPs, namely BPA, BPF and BPS, in seawater were investigated using TOC Handai (TOC, potential test) and river (sea) die-away (SDA, simulation test) methods, which are both a kind of river-die-away test. The main difference between the tests is that indigenous microcosms remain in the sampled raw seawater for the SDA experiments, but they are removed through filtration and dispersed into artificial seawater for the TOC experiments. The BPs, except for BPS, were degraded using both methods. The SDA method produced better biodegradation results than the TOC method in terms of degradation time (both lag and degradation periods). Biodegradation efficiencies were measured at 75-100% using the SDA method and 13-63% using the TOC method. BPF showed better degradation efficiency than BPA, BPF was > 92% and BPA 83% depleted according to the SDA tests. BPS degradation was not observed. As a conclusion, the biodegradability of the three BPs in seawater could be ranked as BPF > BPA >> BPS. BPF is more biodegradable than BPA in seawater and BPS is more likely to accumulate in the aquatic environment. BPS poses a lower risk to human health and to the environment than BPA or BPF but it is not amenable to biodegradation and might be persistent and become an ecological burden. Thus other degradation methods need to be found for the removal of BPS in the environment. http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/6/4/1472/Biodegradationbisphenol A (BPA)bisphenol (BPF)bisphenol S (BPS)TOC Handaisea die-away
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Michihiko Ike
Satoshi Soda
Kazunari Sei
Erica Danzl
Masanori Fujita
spellingShingle Michihiko Ike
Satoshi Soda
Kazunari Sei
Erica Danzl
Masanori Fujita
Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in Seawater
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Biodegradation
bisphenol A (BPA)
bisphenol (BPF)
bisphenol S (BPS)
TOC Handai
sea die-away
author_facet Michihiko Ike
Satoshi Soda
Kazunari Sei
Erica Danzl
Masanori Fujita
author_sort Michihiko Ike
title Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in Seawater
title_short Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in Seawater
title_full Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in Seawater
title_fullStr Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in Seawater
title_full_unstemmed Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in Seawater
title_sort biodegradation of bisphenol a, bisphenol f and bisphenol s in seawater
publisher MDPI AG
series International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
issn 1660-4601
publishDate 2009-04-01
description A group of compounds structurally similar to bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A, BPA) are called bisphenols (BPs), and some of them can partially replace BPA in industrial applications. The production and consumption of BPs other than BPA, especially those of bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F, BPF) and bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)sulfone (bisphenol S, BPS), have increased recently, leading to their detection as contaminants in the aquatic environment. The three compounds tested 100% positive for estrus response in 1936 and concerns about their health risks have been increasing. Abundant data on degradation of bisphenols (BPs) has been published, but results for biodegradation of BPs in seawater are lacking. However, several research groups have focused on this topic recently. In this study, the biodegradation behaviors of three BPs, namely BPA, BPF and BPS, in seawater were investigated using TOC Handai (TOC, potential test) and river (sea) die-away (SDA, simulation test) methods, which are both a kind of river-die-away test. The main difference between the tests is that indigenous microcosms remain in the sampled raw seawater for the SDA experiments, but they are removed through filtration and dispersed into artificial seawater for the TOC experiments. The BPs, except for BPS, were degraded using both methods. The SDA method produced better biodegradation results than the TOC method in terms of degradation time (both lag and degradation periods). Biodegradation efficiencies were measured at 75-100% using the SDA method and 13-63% using the TOC method. BPF showed better degradation efficiency than BPA, BPF was > 92% and BPA 83% depleted according to the SDA tests. BPS degradation was not observed. As a conclusion, the biodegradability of the three BPs in seawater could be ranked as BPF > BPA >> BPS. BPF is more biodegradable than BPA in seawater and BPS is more likely to accumulate in the aquatic environment. BPS poses a lower risk to human health and to the environment than BPA or BPF but it is not amenable to biodegradation and might be persistent and become an ecological burden. Thus other degradation methods need to be found for the removal of BPS in the environment.
topic Biodegradation
bisphenol A (BPA)
bisphenol (BPF)
bisphenol S (BPS)
TOC Handai
sea die-away
url http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/6/4/1472/
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