| Summary: | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nontypeable <it>Haemophilus influenzae </it>(NTHI) may play a role as an infectious trigger in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Few data are available regarding the influence of acute and persistent infection on tissue remodelling and repair factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>NTHI infection in lung tissues obtained from COPD patients and controls was studied <it>in vivo </it>and using an <it>in vitro model</it>. Infection experiments were performed with two different clinical isolates. Detection of NTHI was done using <it>in situ </it>hybridization (ISH) in unstimulated and in <it>in vitro </it>infected lung tissue. For characterization of TGF-β signaling molecules a transcriptome array was performed. Expression of the TGF-pseudoreceptor BMP and Activin Membrane-bound Inhibitor (BAMBI) was analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), ISH and PCR. CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TGF-β expression were evaluated in lung tissue and cell culture using ELISA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In 38% of COPD patients infection with NTHI was detected <it>in vivo </it>in contrast to 0% of controls (p < 0.05). Transcriptome arrays showed no significant changes of TGF-β receptors 1 and 2 and Smad-3 expression, whereas a strong expression of BAMBI with upregulation after <it>in vitro </it>infection of COPD lung tissue was demonstrated. BAMBI was expressed ubiquitously on alveolar macrophages (AM) and to a lesser degree on alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). Measurement of cytokine concentrations in lung tissue supernatants revealed a decreased expression of TGF-β (p < 0.05) in combination with a strong proinflammatory response (p < 0.01).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We show for the first time the expression of the TGF pseudoreceptor BAMBI in the human lung, which is upregulated in response to NTHI infection in COPD lung tissue <it>in vivo </it>and <it>in vitro</it>. The combination of NTHI-mediated induction of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibition of TGF-β expression may influence inflammation induced tissue remodeling.</p>
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