Population Genetics of red striped mullet (<i>Mullus surmuletus</i>) in Turkish Seas Based on Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA data

• Main Author: Fevzi Bardakci
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-07-01
• Series: Frontiers in Marine Science
• Subjects: Turkey; mtDNA; microsatellites; red striped mullet; Mullus surmuletus
• Online Access: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/conf.fmars.2014.02.00148/full

Aim In this study population genetic stock structure and genetic diversity of striped red mullet (<i>Mullus surmuletus</i> L.) species distributed in the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Atlantic Ocean (The eastern Europe coasts) will be determined by using mitochondrial DNA control region and nuclear DNA microsatellite loci. Material and Methods For this purpose sampling localities covered by the project have been determined as follows: from the Mediterranean Sea (Antalya), the Aegean Sea (Ayvalık and Marmaris) and the Marmara Sea (Bandırma). In this study, fish samples collected from 4 the localities were analyzed using control region sequences of mtDNA as well as 9 microsatellite loci. Sequences were aligned in Bioedit ver 7.1.3.0 (Hall, 1999). Genetic distance between populations (γst) (Nei, 1982), haplotype diversities (h), nucleotide diversities(π) were detected by DNAsp ver. 5.10 (Rozas <i>et al</i>., 2003). Based on pairwise distance matrix data a UPGMA dendogram was constructed by MEGA 5.05 (Kumar <i>et al</i>., 2004). To explain genetic structuring of samples we performed analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) using Arlequin ver. 3.5 (Excoffier <i>et al</i>., 2010). Microsatellite genotypes of anchovy samples were scored using GeneMarker software v 2.2.0 (SoftGeneticsLLC). Allele numbers in each locus and each population, observed-expected heterozygosity (Ho, He), pairwise FST values were calculated and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium tested with Fisher exact test markov chain algorithm (Guo and Thomson, 1992) using Arlequin ver. 3.5.1.3 (Excoffier, 2010). To determination of population structuring hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was carried out and genetic differentiation between populations and groups were tested with both infinite allele mutational (IAM) model and step-wise mutation model (SMM) using Arlequin software. Allelic richness and FIS (Weir and Cockerham, 1984)values between populations were calculated by FSTAT v 2.9.3.2 (Goudet, 2001). Genetic variation between populations was determined based on Nei’s genetic distance (Nei, 1978) using Unweigted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). For this aim Tools for Population Genetic Analyses (TFPGA) v 1.3 (Miller, 1997) was used to create UPGMA three has 10000-permutation bootstrap value per branch. In multidimensional space to see genetic differentiation of individuals Fractional Correspondance Analyses (FCA) (Lebart, et al,.1984) test was executed using Genetix 4.05.2 (Belkhir <i>et al</i>., 2004) software. Results In total 88 individuals of striped mullet were studied and sequence analyses of control region (403 bp) mitochondrial DNA were carried out. Partial sequence of control region revealed 76 haplotype and 86 polymorphic site among specimens. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities were similar and high among localities (Hd: 0.994; π: 0,026). In this study 9 microsatellite loci in 89 samples were analysed for determination of genetic structure of striped mullet along Turkish seas. In total 169 alleles were detected and average number of allele were ranged from 3 to 29 per locus. Observed heterozygosity per population was ranged from 0.535 (Ayvalık) to 0.12 (Bandırma) while expected heterozygosity was ranged from 0.775 (Antalya) to 0.787 (Ayvalık). Pairwise RST values showed that the highest genetic distance was between Antalya and Bandırma populations (FST=0.2629, p<0,001). The result of FCA showed that total 89 individuals are similar to each other and cannot be separated according to their alleles. First tree axes on FCA graph were displayed 3,10%, 2,91% and 2.68% of genetic variation respectively. Microsatellite genotype data of 89 individuals analysis have been revealed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all populations for overall loci. (p<0.001). Both mtDNA and microsatellite analysis results showed that striped mullet population of Marmara Sea is genetically distinct from the Mediterranean while found to be close to the population of the Aegean Sea. Conclusions This study was determined a preview of genetic structure of red striped mullet because of few sampling localities so a further study is would be useful to determine its population structure along its distribution area in detail.