Molecular Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus: A Poxvirus That Has Adapted to Skin
Orf virus is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. It induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats and is transmissible to humans. The genome is G+C rich, 138 kbp and encodes 132 genes. It shares many essential genes with vaccinia virus that are required for...
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doaj-fedbb030c7fa450fa762580b640b9c972020-11-24T22:53:45ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152015-03-01731505153910.3390/v7031505v7031505Molecular Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus: A Poxvirus That Has Adapted to SkinStephen B. Fleming0Lyn M. Wise1Andrew A. Mercer2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New ZealandDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New ZealandDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New ZealandOrf virus is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. It induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats and is transmissible to humans. The genome is G+C rich, 138 kbp and encodes 132 genes. It shares many essential genes with vaccinia virus that are required for survival but encodes a number of unique factors that allow it to replicate in the highly specific immune environment of skin. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that both viral interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor genes have been “captured” from their host during the evolution of the parapoxviruses. Genes such as a chemokine binding protein and a protein that binds granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 appear to have evolved from a common poxvirus ancestral gene while three parapoxvirus nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway inhibitors have no homology to other known NF-κB inhibitors. A homologue of an anaphase-promoting complex subunit that is believed to manipulate the cell cycle and enhance viral DNA synthesis appears to be a specific adaptation for viral-replication in keratinocytes. The review focuses on the unique genes of orf virus, discusses their evolutionary origins and their role in allowing viral-replication in the skin epidermis.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/7/3/1505parapoxvirusorf viruspoxvirus evolution |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Stephen B. Fleming Lyn M. Wise Andrew A. Mercer |
spellingShingle |
Stephen B. Fleming Lyn M. Wise Andrew A. Mercer Molecular Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus: A Poxvirus That Has Adapted to Skin Viruses parapoxvirus orf virus poxvirus evolution |
author_facet |
Stephen B. Fleming Lyn M. Wise Andrew A. Mercer |
author_sort |
Stephen B. Fleming |
title |
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus: A Poxvirus That Has Adapted to Skin |
title_short |
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus: A Poxvirus That Has Adapted to Skin |
title_full |
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus: A Poxvirus That Has Adapted to Skin |
title_fullStr |
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus: A Poxvirus That Has Adapted to Skin |
title_full_unstemmed |
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus: A Poxvirus That Has Adapted to Skin |
title_sort |
molecular genetic analysis of orf virus: a poxvirus that has adapted to skin |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Viruses |
issn |
1999-4915 |
publishDate |
2015-03-01 |
description |
Orf virus is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. It induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats and is transmissible to humans. The genome is G+C rich, 138 kbp and encodes 132 genes. It shares many essential genes with vaccinia virus that are required for survival but encodes a number of unique factors that allow it to replicate in the highly specific immune environment of skin. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that both viral interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor genes have been “captured” from their host during the evolution of the parapoxviruses. Genes such as a chemokine binding protein and a protein that binds granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 appear to have evolved from a common poxvirus ancestral gene while three parapoxvirus nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway inhibitors have no homology to other known NF-κB inhibitors. A homologue of an anaphase-promoting complex subunit that is believed to manipulate the cell cycle and enhance viral DNA synthesis appears to be a specific adaptation for viral-replication in keratinocytes. The review focuses on the unique genes of orf virus, discusses their evolutionary origins and their role in allowing viral-replication in the skin epidermis. |
topic |
parapoxvirus orf virus poxvirus evolution |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/7/3/1505 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT stephenbfleming moleculargeneticanalysisoforfvirusapoxvirusthathasadaptedtoskin AT lynmwise moleculargeneticanalysisoforfvirusapoxvirusthathasadaptedtoskin AT andrewamercer moleculargeneticanalysisoforfvirusapoxvirusthathasadaptedtoskin |
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1725661974271885312 |