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|a This study aims to investigate the effects of Augmented Reality (AR) software integrated with POE Inquiry based approach and Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning design principles toward spatial visualization ability and achievement in science. This study also investigates student interaction with the AR system and their corresponding correlations to spatial visualization ability and achievement in science. A pre-experimental one group pretest-posttest research design was employed with 34 grade 5 elementary school students as respondents, which consists of students with high spatial visualization abilities (KVST) and low spatial visualization abilities (KVSR). The findings revealed that learning through the AR software was effective to enhance students' spatial visualization ability and achievement in science. The results of the t test analysis of students' pre- and posttest scores on both tests demonstrate significant improvements in their mental rotation test (t = 19.795, p < 0.05) and achievement in science (t = 24.801, p < 0.05). Moreover, the findings also suggest that there exists a significant difference between the KVST and KVSR groups in terms of spatial visualization ability (t = 6.592, p < 0.05) and achievement in science (t = 2.419, p < 0.05), before and after the treatment session. The results of the content analysis towards student interaction with the AR software demonstrates that turning the AR markers, inspecting the AR elements and commenting on the AR elements are recorded the highest number of interactions compared to others. Results from a Spearman correlation analysis show that there are nine interactions that have significant correlations with spatial visualization ability and achievement in science among the KVST and KVSR students, with the correlation direction of each relationship is positive. Finally, a framework for KVST and KVSR students in learning through the AR software was developed through data mining analysis using a decision tree technique. This framework recommends a series of guidelines that can further enhance students' spatial visualization ability and achievement in science through the application of AR in learning.
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