戰國至漢文本中的黃帝形象

• Main Authors: 李聿恆, Lee, Yu-Heng
• Language: 中文
• Published: 國立政治大學
• Subjects: 黃帝形象; 戰國; 秦漢; 認同; 信仰; 文本; Images of Yellow Emperor; Warring States; Chin and Han; Identity; Religion; Texts
• Online Access: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cdrfb3/gsweb.cgi?o=dstdcdr&i=sid=%22G0100153008%22.

　　這篇論文聚焦在考察戰國秦漢文本中的黃帝形象，而非其人之真實事蹟。從戰國到秦漢，黃帝具有多元的形象。作者試圖探詢的問題如下：戰國秦漢文本的黃帝形象為何？這些形象如何演變？演變發生的原因何在？期望這一研究能夠促使我們反思相關歷史的一個起點。 　　黃帝在血緣與文化方面的重要性，長時間以來都是中國民族主義史學中的重點。不過，並不是每一種黃帝形象都得到歷史學家同等的關注。純從現代人的角度進行研究，可能使研究者忽略，或扭曲另一個時代的人對黃帝形象的想像。本篇論文的目的即在全面探索黃帝在戰國秦漢政治、文化、民生、信仰中的多元角色及其受重視的程度。 　　戰國秦漢時期，人們對黃帝已經推崇備至。然而，當時人對黃帝形象的認識卻和今日有著微妙的差異。舉例來說，古人以黃帝為共祖的行為，除了表示血緣上的聯繫之外，也可能根基於當事人在所屬情境下，對歷史的解釋與認同感。作為聖王，黃帝受到學者讚揚與統治者效法；但是對於其人之成就與發明，仍然處於眾說紛紜的狀態。當時人的日常生活與信仰可能時常接觸黃帝之名，但其形象並不統一，有時甚至相互矛盾的。令人好奇的是，這些不一定都彼此吻合的形象，卻又不約而同地給予了黃帝正面的評價。 　　環繞黃帝形象的爭議並不罕見，尤其是在漢代。學者與朝廷對於整理與過濾相關史料的工作有過許多嘗試，《史記‧五帝本紀》是其中的代表之一。儘管當時學者可能有不同看法，由於能夠跨越大、小傳統之間的界線，多元形象對傳播黃帝故事或許是有利的。 === This thesis is a study of the images of Yellow Emperor in the texts from Warring States to Han, not his true deeds. The author tries to inquire following questions: what images of Yellow Emperor were depicted in texts of that period, how did those images change, and why did those changes happen. I hope that this study could eventually cause me reflex our understanding of relevant historical subjects. Since the turn of twentieth century, the positions of Yellow Emperor in the genealogy of kinship / culture have been one of the major concerns of Chinese national historians. However, not all kinds of images were concerned equivalently. Besides, those images of Yellow Emperor in ancient Chinese texts were sometimes neglected, or even distorted by modern historians according to their contemporary needs. Consequently, I try to rediscover the images of Yellow Emperor in the ancient Chinese texts as it were and try to explore their political, social, cultural, and religious implications in their own term. Though the images of Yellow Emperor had already enjoyed high profile from Warring states to Han dynasty, they were different from the modern popular knowledge and were shaped in different historical contexts. For example, the image as a common ancestor of ancient people is a fabrication / construction based upon the different needs of historical explanation and family identity. The images as a sage king, though admired by ancient scholars, imitated by ancient rulers, never reached consensus. People in that era might highly appraise his images in daily and religious life, but those images were far from consistent. Interestingly, though inconsistent they were, they gave him positive evaluations. Disputes about images of Yellow Emperor were not rare, especially in Han Period. Scholars and royal court kept on trying to rearrange and filter the historical status of Yellow Emperor. One of the representative works is the “Basic Annals of the Five Emperors (五帝本紀)” by Ssuma Chien (司馬遷). However, those versatile and vivid images could not be regulated, by royal court or by scholars, into a unified one, they were able to stride over the barrier between grand and little tradition, and help to spread those legends of Yellow Emperor.