從超脫之理論與實踐看艾克哈特之密契主義

• Main Authors: 黃恩鄰, Huang,En-Lin
• Language: 中文
• Published: 國立政治大學
• Subjects: 密契主義; 艾克哈特; 密契經驗; 超脫; mysticism; mystical experience; Meister Eckhart; detachment
• Online Access: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cdrfb3/gsweb.cgi?o=dstdcdr&i=sid=%22G0931560061%22.

不同於過去將密契經驗侷限於一特殊意識狀態的經驗，本文試圖從艾克哈特關於超脫 的觀點來說明密契主義和其經驗的形式如何受到其社會與時代背景所影響。 過去學者的研究說明艾克哈特關於超脫的概念，是其形而上學和密契主義的核心。但 超脫此一概念不僅是密契主義中用以顯示辯證法和否性神學的形而上概念，從艾克哈特的德 文著作中我們還可以發現該辭彙的產生與其所面對的聽眾和當下的信仰情境息息相關。 艾克哈特將信徒在信仰操作上所遇到的困境和壓力視為一種苦難的來源，因而以童貞 婦人的形象要求信徒應當轉而重視信仰的態度，以超脫的態度在入世或既有的宗教生活中實 踐其信仰，最後達到沒有原因的生活與意志的貧乏。艾克哈特關於超脫所建構出來的密契經 驗有著與其時代相關社會的、實踐的或倫理學上的生成因。 此外，透過對 Gezücken 等辭彙的探討，我們發現超脫一概念包含著形而上學、倫理 學和密契的不同層次。這些層次說明了艾克哈特對密契經驗的概念並指導他的聽眾如何正確 的對待自己的宗教經驗。超脫因而是艾克哈特密契經驗的主題，實踐和內容。 我們因而可以說，在艾克哈特的範例中，密契主義及其經驗具有不同層面，並且如同 史蒂芬卡茲所說，是一種處在宗教、文化等生活實境中所建構的經驗形式。 === By studying the concept of "Detachment" of Meister Eckhart, this article presents that the forms of mysticism and mystical experience are influenced and restricted by its own social and religious contexts. According to previous studies of scholars, the idea of "Detachment" is a central and metaphysical idea of Meister Eckhart's Mysticism. However, the idea of "Detachment" is not only a concept that contents neoplatonical idea of dialectic and negative theology but also a concept that responds to its contemporary religious trends which we can find in Eckhart's German works. Eckhart considered the heavy pressure of religious practices as sufferings and persuaded his audiences to concentrate on their own detached attitudes instead. He suggested that the life of detachment was a model of "virgin wife" that presented purest religious life in the normal daily life, and the purpose was to live without a why and to reach spiritual poverty. The mysticism of Meister Eckhart, which has "detachment" as its central idea, therefore has its social, practical, and ethical causes. Meanwhile, by studying the concept of Gezücken, we found that the idea of "Detachment" is a concept combined with metaphysical, ethical, and mystical layers. These layers presents in Eckhart's discourse about mystical experience and direct his audiences to treat their religious experiences with correct attitudes. "Detachment" therefore is both the main theme, the criteria, and the content of Eckhart's idea of mystical experiences. We can finally conclude that, like Steven Katz's theory, in the situation of Meister Eckhart the mystical experience is a experience formulated by its own religious and cultural situations, a experience that "Sitz im Leben".