Caracteriza??o de ?reas em Diamantina (MG) sob diferentes tipos de degrada??o: substrato, din?mica da vegeta??o e paisagem

• Main Author: Amaral, Wander Gladson
• Other Authors: Pereira, Israel Marinho
• Language: Portuguese
• Published: UFVJM 2015
• Subjects: Ci?ncia Florestal; Ci?ncias Agr?rias; Substrato; Rela??o solo-planta; Heterogeneidade espacial; Sucess?o ecol?gica; Ecologia da paisagem
• Online Access: http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/486

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz ([e-mail]) on 2015-01-23T14:01:54Z No. of bitstreams: 5 20.pdf: 1561094 bytes, checksum: 910e8488121681244710dd4db32a5bd1 (MD5) license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 3d480ae6c91e310daba2020f8787d6f9 (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) === Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz ([e-mail]) on 2015-02-10T12:43:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 5 20.pdf: 1561094 bytes, checksum: 910e8488121681244710dd4db32a5bd1 (MD5) license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 3d480ae6c91e310daba2020f8787d6f9 (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) === Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-10T12:43:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 20.pdf: 1561094 bytes, checksum: 910e8488121681244710dd4db32a5bd1 (MD5) license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 3d480ae6c91e310daba2020f8787d6f9 (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 === Atividades antr?picas v?m de encontro com o paradoxo do desenvolvimento e da conserva??o. Assim a demanda por mat?ria-prima para sustentar os meios de produ??o, tem ?ntima rela??o com a explora??o dos recursos naturais, que realizada de modo inadequado e insustent?vel, gera a degrada??o do meio ambiente. Neste contexto, diante dos desafios que se apresentam para a sustentabilidade, alternativas estas, que tenham efic?cia no seu prop?sito (integra??o dos conhecimentos silviculturais e principios ecol?gicos) e retorno destas ?reas ?s condi??es pr?ximas das originais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a din?mica da paisagem e da vegeta??o arbustivo-arb?reo em ?reas sob diferentes tipos de degradada??o em Diamantina, MG. As comunidades das ?reas degradadas pelo garimpo de diamante (ADGD) e ouro (ADGO), assim como, pelo processo de vo?orocamento (ADV) contou com 50 (10 x 10 m), 30 (10 x 10 m) e 36 (5 x 3m) parcelas respectivamente, que no primeiro invent?rio, foram amostrados todos os indiv?duos arb?reo-arbustivo vivos com DAS30 ? 3 cm. No segundo invent?rio, foram registrados os indiv?duos mortos, remensurados os sobreviventes e mensurados e identificados os indiv?duos recrutados. Foram calculadas as taxas de din?mica: mortalidade, recrutamento, ganho e perda em ?rea basal e numero de indiv?duos para cada ?rea. Os valores de H? obtidos para as ?reas foram comparados aos pares pelo teste de t de Hutcheson. Em cada parcela, foi coletada uma amostra composta do substrato superficial (0-20 cm), sendo analisados os par?metros qu?micos: pH em ?gua; teores de P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e Al3+; complexo sortivo (acidez potencial (H +Al), satura??o por bases (V%), soma de bases (SB), CTC a pH 7 (T), CTC efetiva (t) e satura??o por alum?nio (m%)) e mat?ria org?nica (M.O); f?sicos: teores de areia, silte e argila, resist?ncia mec?nica ? penetra??o ao longo da camada de 0-30 cm, umidade, cobertura de rocha e cascalho exposto. As vari?veis ambientais foram comparadas pelo teste t para amostras independentes (P<0,05). Para analisar as correla??es entre os gradientes ambientais e vegetacionais foi empregada a An?lise de Correspond?ncia Can?nica (CCA). A ?rea estudada na din?mica da paisagem contou com 2.509,92 ha definidos entre os paralelos 7989545,95 e 7984296,35 sul e meridianos 646367,51 e 651117,89 oeste. O mapeamento e classifica??o da cobertura vegetal foi realizado por meio da interpreta??o visual de fotografias a?reas para os anos de 1950 e 2006. A quantifica??o estrutural da paisagem foi descrita por meio de ?ndices de composi??o e configura??o espacial resultantes do software Fragstats. No geral foram amostrados 1.152 indiv?duos, pertencentes a 16 fam?lias e 38 esp?cies, sendo, 153 indiv?duos, 5 fam?lias e 9 esp?cies pertencentes a ADGD; 921 indiv?duos, 16 fam?lias e 36 esp?cies pertencentes a ADGO e 78 indiv?duos, 9 fam?lias e 11 esp?cies pertencentes a ADV. A an?lise dos atributos f?sicos e qu?micos do substrato evidenciou alta limita??o ao desenvolvimento de plantas colonizadoras, apresentando como restri??es, substratos de textura arenosa com baixa fertilidade natural, acidez elevada al?m de classe de resist?ncia a penetra??o m?dia para as ?reas degradadas pelo garimpo de ouro e diamante. Verificou-se que houve rela??o entre os gradientes ambientais e a abund?ncia e composi??o flor?stica da vegeta??o colonizadora, ficando a maioria das esp?cies mais fortemente correlacionada com as vari?veis topogr?ficas (desn?vel), qu?micas (M.O e m) e f?sicas (umidade). Todos os indicadores estruturais analisados mostraram que as ?reas est?o em processo de constru??o inicial, por?m a ?rea degradada pelo garimpo de ouro encontra-se em est?gio sucessional mais avan?ado quando comparado com ?rea degradada pelo processo de vo?orocamento e a ?rea degradada pelo garimpo de diamante. Os mapas temporais de cobertura do solo evidenciam que a ?rea de estudo apresenta grande influ?ncia de atividades antr?picas. Contudo a quantidade de habitat natural na ?rea de estudo foi bem superior ao limiar de percola??o, passando de 99,26% (2491,59 ha) em 1950 para 89,62% (2249,35 ha) em 2006. Nesse contexto, ? poss?vel constatar que a paisagem se manteve estruturalmente conectada por meio de grandes fragmentos de vegeta??o nativa, proporcionando condi??es de sustentabilidade. === Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2012. === ABSTRACT Anthropogenic activities have been meeting with the paradox of development and conservation. Thus the demand for raw materials to sustain the means of production, is closely related to the exploitation of natural resources, which conducted improperly and unsustainable, causes the degradation of the environment. In this context, aa scientific community, facing the challenges that present themselves to a sustainability of the planet, has been conducting research aimed at generating alternatives for the recuperation of degraded areas; these alternatives, which are effective in their purpose (integration of knowledge silvicultural and ecological principles ) and return these areas to conditions similar to the originals. This study aimed to characterize physical and chemical substrate, to relate the abundance distribution of the colonizing species with environmental variables, to study the dynamics of the floristic composition of vegetation and analyze the dynamics of the landscape around the three areas under different types preterit of degradation, between the years 1950 and 2006, emphasizing the changes in landscape virtue to human activities in the State Park Biribiri (PEB) and surroundings, in Diamantina, MG. The communities of areas degraded by mining diamond (ADGD) and gold (ADGO), as well as the process of vo?orocamento (ADV) had 50 (10 x 10 m), 30 (10 x 10 m) and 36 (5 x 3m) plots respectively, in the first inventory sampled all shrub tree individuals with DAS30 ? 3 cm. In the second inventory, dead individuals were recorded, remeasured the survivors and measured and identified the recruited individuals. We calculated rates of mortality, recruitment, gain and loss in basal area and number of individuals for each area. Values ??H? obtained for areas were compared in pairs by t test Hutcheson. In each plot was collected a sample of the substrate surface (0-20 cm) were analyzed for chemical parameters: pH in water; levels of P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+, exchangeable cations (potential acidity (H + Al ), base saturation (V%), sum of bases (SB), CTC at pH 7 (T), effective CTC (t), aluminum saturation (m%)) and organic matter (M.O); physical: contents of sand, silt and clay, penetration resistance along the 0-30 cm layer, moisture, coverage of rock and gravel exposed. Environmental variables were compared by t test for independent samples (P<0.05). To analyze the correlations between environmental gradients and vegetation was used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The area studied in the dynamics of the landscape had 2,509.92 ha defined between the parallel and 7,989,545.95 7,984,296.35 646,367.51 meridian and south and west 651,117.89. The mapping and classification of vegetation cover was done by visual interpretation of aerial photographs for the years 1950 and 2006. Quantification structural landscape has been described by means of indexes of composition and spatial configuration resulting Fragstats software. Overall 1152 individuals were sampled, belonging to 16 families and 38 species, and, 153 individuals, families 5 and 9 species of ADGD, 921 individuals, 16 families and 36 species belonging to ADGO and 78 individuals, 9 families and 11 species belonging ADV. The analysis of physical and chemical properties of the substrate showed high limiting the development of colonizing plants, presenting as constraints, sandy substrates with low fertility, high acidity than class average penetration resistance for areas degraded by mining gold and diamond. There was a relationship between environmental gradients and floristic composition and abundance of colonizing vegetation, most species being more strongly correlated with the topographic variables (elevation), chemical (M.O and m) and physical (moisture). All structural indicators analyzed showed that the areas are in the process of initial construction, but the area degraded by mining gold is found in more advanced successional stage compared with the degraded area by process vo?orocamento and the area degraded by mining diamonds. Temporal maps of land cover indicate that this area of ??study has great influence anthropogenic activities. However the amount of natural habitat in the study area was well above the percolation threshold, from 99.26% (2491,59 ha) in 1950 to 89.62% (2249,35 ha) in 2006. In this context, it can be seen that the landscape remained structurally connected by means of large fragments of native vegetation, providing conditions for sustainability.