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Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 === CAPES === FAPERJ === Interest in organic agriculture has increased due to growing public concern with the quality of the food it consumes, the insecurity caused by rising food crises contamination and also aimed at environmental preservation. Organic agriculture offers numerous environmental advantages compared to conventional agriculture, since it is geared to improving biodiversity, restoring the natural ecological balance, soil conservation and water resources. Therefore, it is important to understand how and if these improvements are occurring in the environment and the soil in which agricultural systems are installed compared to other systems of occupation of areas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soil of organic production farms in the municipality of Serop?dica- RJ, belonging to producers of the SerOrg?nico organization, as well as areas of pasture and preserved forest. For this, the work was divided into three chapters. In the first, a questionnaire was applied based on the ministry of agriculture producers notebook for all farmers in the association. It was clear that all producers have a great sense of the importance of producing quality food and they know the main techniques for this purpose. However, the difficulties that pass are the same as those faced by all small brazilian producers are marketing difficulties, lack of access to financial credit and technical assistance. In the second chapter, soil samples were collected for evaluation of fertility, grain size analysis, chemical and grain size fracioanamento organic matter and analysis of bacterial diversity by independent analysis of culture (DGGE). The areas of organic farming showed no soil fertility results that express the positive effects of cropping system. However, the attributes that most affect the fertility of the studied areas are pH, Ca, H + Al, P, Carbon, V%, total clay and degree of flocculation. Fractionation of organic matter showed that the more stable fractions are most related to the C present in the evaluated areas and soil management beneficially altered the structure of bacterial communities. In the third chapter, we evaluated the nutritional value of corn plants and italian style tomato conditioned to different commercial inputs of phosphorus and potassium base allowed for organic production system. Both P sources, as for sources of K, did not contribute to differences in the accumulation of dry matter and nutrients in plants of tomatoes and corn, however the italian-type tomato productivity averages were higher than 44 t / ha-1 when treatments they were associated with castor bean, showing that it is a viable alternative sources of fertilizers to organic producers. === O interesse pela agricultura org?nica tem aumentado devido a crescente preocupa??o da popula??o com a qualidade dos alimentos que consome, pela inseguran?a provocada pelas crescentes crises alimentares, por contamina??o e tamb?m visando ? preserva??o ambiental. A agricultura org?nica oferece numerosas vantagens ambientais, comparativamente a agricultura convencional, uma vez que est? orientada para melhoria da biodiversidade, restabelecimento do equil?brio ecol?gico natural, conserva??o dos solos e dos recursos h?dricos. Portanto, ? importante entender como, e se estas melhorias est?o ocorrendo no ambiente e nos solos em que os sistemas agr?colas est?o instalados comparando-se a demais sistemas de ocupa??o das ?reas. A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os solos das ?reas de produ??o org?nica do munic?pio de Serop?dica- RJ, que pertencem a associa??o de produtores SerOrg?nico, assim como ?reas de pastagem e de mata preservada. Para isto, o trabalho foi dividido em tr?s cap?tulos. No primeiro, foi aplicado um question?rio baseado no Caderno de Produtores do Minist?rio da Agricultura para todos os agricultores da associa??o. Ficou claro que todos os produtores possuem uma grande percep??o da import?ncia de se produzir alimentos de qualidade e que eles conhecem as principais t?cnicas para tal fim. Contudo, as dificuldades pelas quais passam s?o as mesmas enfrentadas por todos os pequenos produtores brasileiros que s?o: dificuldade de comercializa??o, falta de acesso a cr?dito financeiro e assist?ncia t?cnica. No segundo cap?tulo, amostras de solo foram coletadas para avalia??o da fertilidade, an?lise granulom?trica, fracioanamento qu?mico e granulom?trico da mat?ria org?nica e an?lise de diversidade de bact?rias por an?lise independente de cultivo (DGGE). As ?reas de agricultura org?nica n?o apresentaram resultados de fertilidade do solo que expressam os efeitos positivos do sistema de cultivo. Contudo, os atributos que mais afetam a fertilidade das ?reas estudadas s?o pH, Ca, H+ Al, P, Carbono, V%, Argila Total e Grau de Flocula??o. O fracionamento da mat?ria org?nica demonstrou que as fra??es mais est?veis s?o as que mais se relacionam com o C presente nas ?reas avaliadas e, o manejo do solo alterou beneficamente a estrutura das comunidades bacterianas. J? no terceiro cap?tulo, avaliaram-se os aspectos nutricionais de plantas de milho e tomate do tipo italiano condicionadas a diferentes insumos comerciais a base de f?sforo e pot?ssio permitidos para o Sistema org?nico de produ??o. Tanto as fontes de P, quanto as fontes de K n?o contribu?ram para diferen?as no ac?mulo de mat?ria seca e nutrientes nas plantas de tomates e milho, entretanto as m?dias de produtividade de tomate tipo italiano foram superiores a 44 t/ha-1 quando os tratamentos foram associadas a torta de mamona, mostrando-se estas fontes alternativas vi?veis para aduba??o ao produtor org?nico.
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