Sustainable production of oil and residual fat biodiesel: a comparative study of the biodiesel purification process with water and synthetic adsorbents

• Main Author: Fernando Pedro Dias
• Other Authors: Ronaldo Ferreira do Nascimento
• Format: Others
• Language: Portuguese
• Published: Universidade Federal do Cearà 2014
• Subjects: AdsorÃÃo; Gerenciamento de resÃduos; ENGENHARIA CIVIL
• Online Access: http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13458

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior === Contributions to a sustainable development ought to focus in the following three foci: environmental, economic and social . The usage of oil, animal and vegetable fats in food has grown in recent decades. Therefore conseq uently, the generation of residual oils and fats (OGR) turned into environmental problems, due to the lack of information, awareness and/or different interests of governments and private institutions in the implementation of collection programs and proper disposals of the aforesaid wastes for the processing into quality recycled products. The biodiesel industry is a good option to market to the use of the OGR produced in household residences and commercial establishments in the major urban centers. The rese arch aimed in this present proposal for the sustainable production of biodiesel from the waste oils and the frying fats, is to make a comparative study of the purification (washing) in the biodiesel with the process of water and synthetics adsorbents. This particular said purification process of the biodiesel with water and treated adsorbents, were effective in removing impurities, such as soap and free glycerin moisture, contained in the neutralized OGR's with over 99% reduction in the impurities under suc h conditions for an optimized process. The bioOGR's and the bioOGR blended with the biodiesel from the castor (bioM100), as well as the diesel oil (D95_B5), were used to fuel stationary diesel engine cycles and measure the level of opacity in the fuel exh aust gases, tested to determine the coefficient of the light absorption (opacity). All the fuels did have a opacity level below 0.5 m - 1 , which is the maximum set required by the Brazilian laws. The identification of the composing OGR's by the gas chromato graphy of the fatty acids, duly obtained from the average composition of unsaturated fatty of the acids 76.0  2.38 (51.1  1.28% of polyunsaturated and 24.9  1.10% monounsaturated) and a lesser contribution of the saturated fatty acids with an average of 23.6  0.83%. Regarding the effluents generated in the bioOGR's washing with the water, this stated characterization determined its physic - chemical parameters, where the average was 21,248.0Â67.3 mg O 2 /L for the chemical oxygen demand and the 2,543.0Â2.9 3 NTU being checked for the turbidity, while 10.3  0.53 was for the pH and the 453.7  4.30 μS/cm was for the electric conductivity in the effluent from the first wash of the bioOGR. === As contribuiÃÃes para o desenvolvimento sustentÃvel devem concentrar-se em trÃs focos: ambiental, econÃmico e social. O uso de Ãleos e gorduras animais e vegetais na alimentaÃÃo humana tem crescido nas Ãltimas dÃcadas e consequentemente a geraÃÃo do Ãleo e gordura residual (OGR) se transformou em problemas ambientais devido à falta de informaÃÃo, sensibilizaÃÃo e/ou interesse do poder pÃblico e privado, em implantar programas de recolha e destinaÃÃo adequada deste resÃduo para transformaÃÃo em produtos nobres. A indÃstria do biodiesel representa uma boa opÃÃo de mercado para o aproveitamento do OGR produzido em residencias e estabelecimentos comerciais em grandes centros urbanos. A pesquisa teve o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta para produÃÃo sustentÃvel de biodiesel a partir do Ãleo e gordura residual de fritura efetuando um estudo comparativo do processo de purificaÃÃo (lavagem) do biodiesel com Ãgua e com adsorventes sintÃticos. Os processos de purificaÃÃo do biodiesel com a Ãgua e com os adsorventes monstraram-se eficientes na remoÃÃo das impurezas (sabÃo, umidade e glicerina livre) contidas nos OGRÂs neutralizados e bioOGRs com mais de 99% de reduÃÃo de tais impurezas nas condiÃÃes otimizadas do processo. Os bioOGRs, blends do bioOGR com o biodiesel de mamona (bioM100) e Ãleo diesel do petrÃleo (D95_B5), foram utilizados para abastecer um motor ciclo diesel estacionÃrio e foi medido o nÃvel de opacidade dos gases de exaustÃo dos combustÃveis testados determinando o seu coeficiente de absorÃÃo da luz (opacidade). Todos os combustÃveis tiveram o seu nÃvel de opacidade inferior a 0,5 m-1, valor mÃximo estabelecido pela legislaÃÃo brasileira. Na identificaÃÃo dos Ãcidos graxos que compÃem os OGRÂs, por meio da cromatografia gasosa, obteve-se a mÃdia da composiÃÃo dos Ãcidos graxos insaturados de 76,0  2,38 (51,1  1,28% de poliinsaturados e 24,9  1,10% de monoinsaturados) e em menor contribuiÃÃo os Ãcidos graxos saturados com mÃdia de 23,6  0,83 %. Sobre os efluentes gerados na lavagem dos bioOGRs com Ãgua, foram caracterizados e determinados os seus parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos, tendo sido verificado a mÃdia de 21248,0  67,3 mg O2/L da demanda quÃmica de oxigÃnio, 2543,0  2,93 NTU, de turbidez, 10,3  0,53 de pH e 453,7  4,30 μS/cm de condutividade elÃtrica do efluente da primeira lavagem do bioOGR