波斯灣美伊衝突期間美國之戰略與外交(1990-1991)

• Main Authors: Roland Chu, 王芳醴
• Other Authors: 張中奐
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 1992
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59699076536808850470

碩士 === 政治作戰學校 === 政治學系 === 80 === 　　Eduard Bernstein is the father of socialist "revisionism" . His revisionism was a strong current in the pre-World War I socialist movement. Latter-day it becomes a series of turbulent eddies in contemporary communism and largely be employed in Marxist circles as an enithet of abuse, But Bernstein frankly confessed himself a "revisionsm." 　　The revisionism discussed in this article indicates that Eduard Bernstein once had the suspioion with Marxism, he then produced the testimony to the fact, and finally gave a brave revision to it. 　　There are three important factors caused Bernstein to recise his original Marxism. 　　First, from teh fifty's of nineteenth century, especially in England and Gernany, the political system, the social and economical condition were not developed as Marx predicated in the communist Manifesto:"capitalistic centralization and accumulation"," clas clarification" and "the increasing number of working class " brought out the "catastronhe". 　　Secondly, after the failture of Paris Commuce both Marx and Engels had changed their theory and method for somewhat moderate and revised part of their theory; this enlightened Bernstein to revise the Marxism. 　　Thirdly, during his exile life in London, Bernstein made close contat with the leaders of Fabian society. Their theory, " socialism can be achieved gradually", and the thought of democracy gave him a deep affection. 　　Bornstein's revisionisn may be devided into two parts: 　　In theory, he considered that the method of science should be carables of an objective proof based only on an experience and logic to which it conforms. For what is not capable of such proof is no longer ssience but rests on subjective impulses, on mere desire or opioion. He pointed out that Marism was not corresponding with the objective face; it is not scientific. He insisted that the pure exconomic force which determined the process of all historical, events in the Materialist Interpretation of History is wrong, because there are many other factors do affect the history. As to the surplus value Bernstein considered it merely a pure abstract concept losting every concrete quality. Owing to the different elements in diligence, activity, equipment of the individual worker, there could not find an exactly standard and reasonable "social necessary labour " in the world. The centralization of capital was only an exterior tendency. Trust has in fact quite a different effect on the distribution of wealth. In Europe the development both in industry and in agriculture shows that the small and medium sized undertakings appear quite capable of existing beside the large industries. The classsed are not developed to the two oxtreme ends, the bourgeois and the proletariat, but in variety, Bernstein did not dency the possibility of exconomic erisis, but pointed out that Trust and Syndicate could prevent it. 　　In practice he emphasized co-operative associations to increase worker's welfare, advocated democracy and opposed the dictatorship of the proletariat; he insisted that trade union was indispensable in democracy. He maintained liberty but it, should be built on the sense of responsibility and moral basis. 　　At last Bernstein broposed several inportant opinions for Social Bemocracy as follows: 　　1. The problem of various elements to determine the task for a party. 　　2. The problem of worker's political right and education. 　　3. The problem of "The proletarian has no fatherland". 　　4. The question of colonies. 　　5. The agraian question. 　　6. The question whother co-operative associations ought to exist or not. 　　7. The question of franchise and Farliamentary activity. 　　8. The question of reforming the Social Bemocracy. 　　Bernstein advoocated a legal avolution and objected the revolution by violence. Workers should have their own economic organizations and education on soff-governing bodies, other-wise the dictatorship of the proletariat means the dictatorship of club orators and writers. 　　After all Bernstein believed that the ultimate aim of socialism is nothing, but the movement is everything. He empha sized that the welfare of worlding class is very important and the rolitical revolution by violence belong to a lower civilization. 　　Today in the commulist world, the revisionism has already been a shadow of Marxism; it is naturally the production of the deficiency of Marxism.