馬來西亞柔佛州西部海岸地區農業土地利用的變遷：以峇株巴轄縣居鑾河區為例

• Main Author: 高銘澤
• Other Authors: 陳國川
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 2009
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44838196532235606018

碩士 === 國立臺灣師範大學 === 地理學系 === 97 === Since 19th century, tropical cultivation industry of Johore is mostly concentrated in southern Johore. In western coastal areas, there are all over the swamps. Till 1930’s,western coastal areas have been gradually reclaimed the agricultural landscape of coconut holding. From independence till now, there is full of endless oil palm holding in western coastal areas. Therefore, this research tries to take Mukim S. Kluang of Johore as example, investigating how the demand of the market and the power of nation shape the external conditions for agricultural production in terms of the world, nation, and region. Also, through the small holder’s change of agricultural decision and mode of operation in each period, demonstrating agricultural production marketing activities and organizations, etc, constructing the small holder human ecological system in each period, comprehending the meaning of the change of agricultural land use. The changes of agricultural land use in Mukim S. Kluang can be broadly divided into three periods: 1. The period from swamps everywhere to coconut holding: After the mid-19th century, as the European market demands the rubber and vegetable oil, makes the rubber and coconut plantation industry being developed in Malay Peninsula. However, at the same time, when planters meet the needs of the European market, the British begins to adjust the colonial Policy in order to ensure the profit of Malay Peninsula. Under the new colonial Policy, the British assigns the advisers to reign over Johore indirectly- control the political and economic development of Johore and transform the agricultural environment for the development of Johore to meet the needs of the United Kingdom or the European market. Owing to the environmental characteristics of low-lying land, strong acidic soil, and easily flooded in Mukim S. Kluang, it is less conducive to the cultivation of rubber trees. It makes the small holders cannot meet the needs f the United Kingdom or the European market at all. Therefore, the small holders choose planting coconut which is more able to adapt the natural environment. Consequently, in this period, the crop of the small holding in Mukim S. Kluang is mainly coconut. 2. The period from coconut holding to intercropping coconut holding: After WWII, the emergence and use of synthetic rubber endanger the economic structure of the natural rubber export-oriented in Malaysia. Thus, from 1960, the government starts to try developing new agricultural activities. The government enhances the importance of new agricultural activities, making the agriculture have diversified development. To promote Agricultural diversification, the government drafts many investment development programs. One of the programs is “coconut replanting and rehabilitation scheme” that is mainly for the rise of coconut oil in global market. For government, the rise of coconut oil in global market is an opportunity to implement agricultural diversification. However, coconut-farming is limited to deteriorating agronomic and economic conditions. The production of coconut declines which is unable to meet the needs of the market. Therefore, the government assists the small holders with the plan of replanting- replant or rehabilitate coconut holding to promote the new development of coconut-farming. Based on the subsidies of government and the profit of intercropping, the small holders in Mukim S. Kluang join the plan of replanting. Besides, when the small holders choose the intercrop, they consider the factors such as the profit of crops and natural environment. They choose interplant mostly cocoa or coffee. Consequently, in this period, the crop of the small holding in Mukim S. Kluang is still mainly coconut;intercrop is cocoa or coffee. 3. From intercropping coconut holding to oil palm holding: Since 1960’s, the export market of coconut oil is competitive which reduces the economic profits by the coconut oil export trade. During the same period, the production of African oil palm reduces which make the price of oil palm rise. However,under the competition of other vegetable oil, the development of oil palm-farming must be planned. Thus, the government lays the foundation for the development of oil palm-farming by investment and interference from public sector and private sector. And it indirectly encourages the small holders to join the oil palm farming. Since 1980’s, the small holders in Mukim S. Kluang transform coconut holding into oil palm holding. Nevertheless, this time, the government doesn’t provide any subsidy to reduce the cost of transferring crops. In addition, due to the poorly drained soil in Mukim S. Kluang, it is not conducive to the development of root of oil palm. If so, why small holders are willing to replant oil palm tree? First of all, through “West Johore integrated agricultural development program”, the government assists small holders to resolve the drainage problems, improving the environment of planting. Then,the higher profit of oil palm than coconut enhances small holders’ motivation of replanting. Consequently, in this period, the crop of the small holding in Mukim S.Kluang gradually transferred from the coconut to oil palm. In brief, the change of agricultural land-use is agricultural decision-making for the small holders’ response to the external environment. In the process of responding,we can find natural environment make a great influence on small holders’ management decision. However, based on the considerations of the economic development, the nation will change the external conditions for agricultural development through public investment or other ways, making small holders follow the demand of market to manage small holding. Once when the influence of market demand and national forces enhances toward small holders’ management, small holders will gradually loss autonomy. It also makes human ecological system which is managed by small holders tend to be more open. And then it enhances the dependence on the external environment.