An Exploration of Taiwan Hakka Novel Immigration Writing：Take the works of WU, Cho-liu, CHUNG, Li-ho, CHUNG, Chao-cheng, and LI, Chiao for Example

• Main Authors: Wang Chi Jen, 王志仁
• Other Authors: 彭瑞金
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 2010
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96976394657848425986

碩士 === 高雄師範大學 === 客家文化研究所 === 98 === Abstract In the West, Taiwan is called “Formosa”, which means beautiful island. In the colonial period, as a sea pearl, Taiwan lighted up the south-eastern part of China. However, it was called in many other ways according to China literatures. For example, its most ancient names include “Eastern Ti” recorded on Historical Records of the Former Han Dynasty, “Yizhou” on Seaboard Geographic Gazetteer, “Liuqiu” on The History of Suei Dynasty, and so on. During Chongzhen Period of Ming Dynasty, there was severe drought in Fukien, and many people went to Ponkan to seek help from Guo Huai-i and make a living. Guo Huai-I granted favors to everyone came to him, had them cultivate the land. Meanwhile he helped to organize teams, offered required materials, tools, seeds, etc. He purchased the harvest and then sold it to China. Most immigrants were males, and females were extremely a lack at that time. Native aborigine happens to be a matriarchal society which accepts a live-in son-in-law. Naturally, the Han people began to marry aborigines, and it satisfied both aborigines and Han people. With no exception, the children of aborigine without characters and cultured Han people have Han surnames, and this partly led to vanishing of Pingpu Tribe. From then on, the fate of Taiwan is closely related to immigration. Taiwan is an immigrant society, except for the aboriginal culture, Taiwan is full of immigrant cultures. Among them, Han culture posed a deeper influence. Because most immigrants came from Fukien, when it comes to motherland identity, surely Han culture would be recognized. For the Han people crossing Taiwan Strait for living, China is their native land where they came from. They tore themselves away from their native land and took the dangerous risk to come to uncultivated Taiwan, all they yearned for is survivorship. The cultural pass-down is a minor issue. The real purpose is to find a shelter for the life and the spirit. Culture identity and inheritance followed after Taiwan became the native place; the fusion of Han culture and aboriginal culture began to shape Taiwan local culture. The works of the four authors present meticulous descriptions of immigrant living in Taiwan and emigrants' spirit between the lines. Take “My Native Land”, the work of CHUNG, Li-ho, for example. “My Native Land” mentioned the immigrants from every walk of life. The characters in “My Native Land” only recognize their native culture, and they think Taiwan is a temporary living place, but not permanent; they are not willing to cultivate and pass-down local culture. The characters in “My Native Land” come to uncultivated Taiwan just for a short stay and making a living. At last, they still go back to their native land. This research is composed of six chapters, including Chapter One: Introduction; Chapter Two: Hakka Novel Immigration Writing – Han People’s Consciousness of WU, Chou-liu and Impact on Colony Fate; Chapter Three: Hakka Novel Immigration Writing –Wander for Love in Native Land of CHUNG, Li-ho; Chapter Four: Hakka Novel Immigration Writing – Residents Consciousness Wakened by External Force in the Work of CHUNG, Chao-cheng; Chapter Five: Hakka Novel Immigration Writing – Immigrants of No Turning Back in the Work of Wintry Night by LI, Chiao, and Chapter Six: Conclusion. Chapter One comprises four sections, including research motive and purpose, research method, research scope, and material investigation. Chapter Two: Hakka Novel Immigration Writing - Han Consciousness of WU, Chou-liu and Impact on Colony Fate, comprises four sections, including identity confusion, where is the hometown – the nation dream of HU, Tai-min, impact on colony fate – HU’s sadness, and summary. Chapter Three: Hakka Novel Immigration Writing –Wander for love in Native Land of CHUNG, Li-ho, comprises four sections, including abandon the native land because of love – the beautiful scenery of homeland; missing native place from far away, awakening from the dream of native land – going home, and summary. Chapter Four: Hakka Novel Immigration Writing –Residents Consciousness Wakened by External Force in the Work of CHUNG, Chao-cheng, comprises four sections, including Immigration wisdom, the calm before the storm, immigration decision under external impact – the grief of Elder Hsin-hai, and summary. Chapter Five: Hakka Novel Immigration Writing–Immigrants of No Turning Back in the Work of Wintry Night by LI, Chiao, comprises four sections, including immigrants reclamation, image descriptions of Hakka women in Wintry Night, persistence in land – PENG, A-chiang’s struggle and summary. Chapter Six: There are three sections in the conclusion including Han People’s Confusion to Residents Consciousness, images of immigrantsx and the Evolution from late Ching Dynasty to Japanese Occupation. This research adopts textual analysis and historical methodology as the way to discuss to compare the immigrant image, which makes it different from the existing researches. The past researches emphasize on analyzing literature, language, or female image. However, immigrant image poses the main structure of this research, which put focus on discussing immigrant image in Taiwan. The research scope is local immigration spirit. Once one leaves the native land, he will lose the protection from his nation, and all he can do is striving for living. Despite lacking preemptive opportunities to cultivate the land, the immigrants labor extremely hard to fight the environment and native aborigine, demonstrating industriousness and stamina of Hakka people. The Introduction in Chapter One discusses the research method. This research discusses the original image of immigrants through archives text content. Experiencing cultural immersion of Ming and Ching Dynasty, and the Japanese colonization, it is an emphasis in the following chapters that whether Taiwan keeps original image or presents new Taiwan culture by fusing local and foreign cultures. Chapter Two discusses the works of WU, Chou-Liu. “Orphan of Asia” is a story about an educated youth. Yearning for national homeland, he goes to and lives in China and Japan, and finally comes back to Taiwan in despair. He is unidentified and cannot be recognized in China and Japan. After coming back to hometown, he suffers discrimination, and goes insane at the end of story. It implies Taiwan’s identity in the world. Walking back and forth at the cross road of national loyalty leads to confusion of national identity. Chapter Three discusses the works of CHUNG, Li-ho. “My Native Land” is a story about his personal family and experiences. From yearning for national homeland, going to and living in Northeast China, to coming back to Taiwan in despair, he views China as his imperial nation, but all he gets in the end is despair and grief. The truth is that China treats Taiwan people from another position, and it can be a warn to the present authorities yearning for China. Chapter Four discusses the works of CHUNG, Chao-cheng. “Sinking Down” is full of immigrants’ distress and fighting. “Sinking Down” talks about that when a family faces the distress and change of the time, whether it should stay where it is, or move back to its native land. This novel presents the terror and upset of leading characters and immigrants’ mental state. Chapter Five discusses “Wintry Night”, the work of LI, Chiao. The text content is full of immigrants’ cultivation process and the relationship with the landlord. The story is about a group of farmers who cultivate lands, but the lands become the belonging of a landlord. When they are changed into tenant-farmers, they start to fight hard for the ownership of land. The immigrants fight not only the environment but also the landlord. The leading characters build their hope and future on the land, and when they are deprived of their hope and future, they surely exert their utmost strength to fight. This work makes a deep depiction on immigrants’ persistence on the land. Chapter Six: Conclusion summarizes the floating native land in “Orphan of Asia”, wander in native land to life experiences in “My Native Land”, the problems caused to the family when immigrants choose to stay or leave under the influence of war in “Sinking Down”, settling down, self-determination of the ancestors and feelings for land in “Wintry Night”. All these are typical immigration features in Taiwan for these hundreds of years, and also they make Taiwan hard to cut away from China so far. Through the works of the four authors, we understand why present authorities have a native land complex to China and immigrants’ distressing inner world.