The Prediction of Sport Hope to Precompetitive State Anxiety and Self-Handicapping Among College Tennis Players: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies

• Main Authors: Chien-Wei Chen, 陳建瑋
• Other Authors: Li-Kang Chi
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 2011
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05283241763132143476

博士 === 國立體育大學 === 教練研究所 === 99 === Based on the hope theory, the current research contains 3 studies. The purpose of study 1 was to develop and validate the sport hope scale by testing its factor structure, reliability as well as validity. The purpose of study 2 was to examine self-handicapping and precompetitive state anxiety predicted by emotion, pathway thoughts and agency thoughts via sense of control by using a cross-sectional design. The purpose of study 3 was to design a five-week intervention for level II tennis teams before the National Intercollegiate Athletic Games and later to test the effect of intervention and prospective effects of hope on precompetitive emotions, sense of control, precompetitive state anxiety (intensity and direction), self-handicapping and performance (evaluated by players and coaches) after the intervention. In study 1, participants conducted in exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were 542 college students (366 males, 176 females) with different sport type with average age 20.30 years (SD = 1.73), average training time 7.00 years (SD = 3.22). In study 2 (participants in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)), a sample of 309 collegiate tennis players (183 males, 126 females) recruited from different colleges with average age 21.82 years (SD = 2.69)，average training time 5.8 years (SD = 3.71), completed a battery of questionnaires to measure their precompetitive emotions, sport hope (pathway and agency), sense of control (expectancies of ability to cope and goal attainment), precompetitive state anxiety (intensity and direction), and self-handicapping. In study 3, participants were 58 level II collegiate tennis players (30 males, 28 females), including 35 players in experimental group and 23 players in control group with average age 22.17 years (SD = 2.70), and average training time 4.58 years (SD = 2.97). Experimental group was conducted with the five-week hope intervention before the National Intercollegiate Athletic Games by measuring the participants’ hope before and after the intervention. The participants of study 3 completed a battery of questionnaires to measure their precompetitive emotions, sport hope, sense of control, precompetitive state anxiety, and self-handicapping before their game, and to evaluate their performance after the game. Coaches were required to evaluate the performances of their players. The findings were as follows: (1) The sport hope scale demonstrated good reliability and validity through EFA and CFA. (2) Gender difference was not found in study 2. Modified causal model among males and females demonstrated acceptable fit index. Hope was predicted by positive emotion, and predicted precompetitive state anxiety through sense of control as a mediator. (3)The five-week intervention could enhance the hope of players in the experimental group, showing lower negative emotion, more hope, and better performance evaluated by players. To sum up, discussions were presented according to the results following the theoretical framework. Practical implications and directions for future research were also recommended.