Ergogenic Properties of Ginsenoside Dammarane Oligo-Sapogenins

• Main Authors: Yu, SzuHsien, 余思賢
• Other Authors: Kuo, ChiaHua
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 2012
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75874626629680383552

博士 === 臺北市立體育學院 === 競技運動訓練研究所 === 100 === Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the ergogenic properties and involved mechanism of Panax ginseng standard extract Dammarane oligo-sapogenins (DS) in both humans and rats. Methods: Study-I: In a randomized double blind counter-balancing study, 12 male subjects ingested different doses of DS (240, 480, 960 mg/kg/day DS) or placebo for 4 weeks. All subjects performed an acute 60-min cycling exercise (75% VO2max) 24-h after the last DS supplementation. High carbohydrate meal was provided immediately after exercise to all subjects. Muscle biopsy was performed immediately and 3-h after exercise. Study-II: Rats were randomly divided into four group, including control, DS20 (20 mg/kg), DS60 (60 mg/kg) and DS120 (120 mg/kg). All rats were orally supplemented with respective dose of DS or placebo for 10 weeks. Muscle strength was determined by wire suspension test on 9th week. After the last dose of treatment, half number of rats from each group were performed an acute bout of exhaustive swimming exercise (ESE). Muscle tissues were isolated immediately after exercise. Study-III: Rats were randomized into four groups and treated with DS similar to study-II. Acute eccentric exercise (EE) was performed on the treadmill after the last treatment. Results: Study-I results showed that muscle glycogen storage rates and AKT phosphorylation of DS240 group was greater than those of placebo group. The glucose response and phospho-glycogen synthase (pGS)/GS of placebo were greater than those of DS240. Furthermore, higher testosterone/cortisol ratio (TC ratio), creatine kinase (CK) and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels and lower inflammatory markers (white blood cells, neutrophils and IL-6) were found in DS960 trial compared to placebo. Data from study-II revealed that DS supplementation significantly increased muscle strength in rats compared with control rats. ESE significantly increased muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) levels along with substantially decreased GSH/GSSG ratio and citrate synthase (CS) activity. However, these changes were significantly attenuated by medium and low dose of DS treatment. On the other hand, medium and high dose of DS increased muscle MDA levels in sedentary rats. Nevertheless, antioxidant enzymes, including GPx (glutathione peroxidase), GR (glutathione reductase) and GST (glutathione S-transferase) activities were found to increase in low and medium DS groups. In study-III, high dose of DS supplementation increased cell regeneration and M2 macrophages number in soleus muscle. After low and medium dose treatments, higher protein nitrotyrosylation level, inflammatory markers gene expression, NFκB and Erk activation were found in sedentary groups. 90-min EE induced muscle injury, M1 macrophage infiltration and protein nitrotyrosylation were found, which were associated with activated NFκB and Erk and increased inflammatory gene expression. DS20 and DS60 treatment protected against EE-induced muscle injury and reduced protein oxidative damage. Further evidences showed as reduced NFκB signal transduction pathway and inflammatory gene expression. Conclusion: Results from these studies demonstrated that the beneficial effects of DS supplementation may be linked with the hormesis effect and muscle regeneration capacity. Outcome of the whole study suggest that DS can be applied as an ergogenic product for athletes during competition and training states.