| Summary: | 碩士 === 中國文化大學 === 國際貿易學系 === 101 === This study selected Germany, France and the United Kingdom for the period of 1970-2011. The time series are used to investigate the causality between gross domestic product (GDP), export and energy consumption. Unit Roots Test, Co-integration Test, Granger Causality Test are applied. The empirical results in Germany and France indicated the existing of unidirectional causality running from export to energy consumption. The government may encourage manufacturers to produce the low-energy with high-value exports. On the other hands, the United Kingdom has the unidirectional causality running from export to GDP and from GDP to energy consumption. The government should support manufacturers to export, provide tax incentives for export industries to expand and improve the export economies of scale. Also, at the same time, the domestic industries should be continually encouraged for service-oriented industries to reduce energy consumption.
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